Machubu Osapanga Chitsulo cha 316L Opangira Zida: Ukhondo ndi Kulamulira Kukula

Chiyambi

Machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a 316L opangira zidaNdi chubu cholondola cha khoma lopyapyala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula mpweya, zakumwa, madzi amadzimadzi ndi zizindikiro pakati pa zida, ma valve, zowunikira ndi zida zowongolera. Chimasankhidwa chifukwa 316L imaphatikiza kukana kwabwino kwa chloride, kusinthasintha kodalirika, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wochepa komanso kupezeka kwakukulu m'magawo ang'onoang'ono akunja okhala ndi makulidwe olamulidwa bwino a khoma, kulunjika komanso mawonekedwe a pamwamba.

Pa zida zonse zamafakitale, mapaipi a 316L osasoka kapena olumikizidwa ndi kukokedwa nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ku ASTM A269, okhala ndi miyeso monga 1/8 inchi mpaka 1 inchi kunja kwa mainchesi kapena zofanana ndi metric. Ukhondo, momwe mkati mwake mulili, kupendekera kwa dzira ndi kulekerera makoma ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono amatha kupindika, kuphulika, kupendekeka kwa orbital kapena kulumikizidwa ndi zolumikizira zopanikizika. Chubu chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za chemistry koma chili ndi mafuta, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mikwingwirima yakuya kapena kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kukula kwake sichingakhalebe choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zida molondola.

Kumene Machubu Opangira Zida a 316L Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito

Machubu ogwiritsira ntchito zida amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse komwe njira yaying'ono, yolamulidwa bwino yamadzimadzi kapena mpweya ikufunika pakati pa mzere woyendetsera ndi zida zoyezera kapena zowongolera. Mosiyana ndi chitoliro chachikulu choyendetsera, chubuchi nthawi zambiri chimalumikizidwa ndi zolumikizira zokakamiza, zolumikizira zophulika, zolumikizira zozungulira kapena ma valve ang'onoang'ono.

Chitsanzo cha Ntchito	Ntchito Yopangira Machubu	Chofunikira Chofunika Kwambiri
Zida Zokakamiza ndi Zosiyana-siyana	Imasamutsa kuthamanga kwa njira kupita ku ma gauge, ma transmitter ndi manifolds	Kuyeza kuthamanga kwa mpweya, makulidwe a khoma, zolumikizira zolimba kuti zisatuluke komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Mizere Yowunikira ndi Zitsanzo	Amatenga chitsanzo choyimira njira yowunikira ku zida zowunikira	Ukhondo wamkati, mpweya wochepa komanso malo otetezedwa bwino.
Machitidwe Olamulira Pneumatic	Amapereka mpweya wa zida kwa ma actuator ndi zida zowongolera	Kupindika kodalirika, kusinthasintha kwa mawonekedwe ake komanso mkati mwake mouma bwino.
Zida Zamagetsi Zamagetsi	Amanyamula madzi amadzimadzi amphamvu kwambiri kupita ku zipangizo zazing'ono	Mphamvu yothamanga kwambiri, khoma lopanda chilema komanso zolumikizira zotetezeka.
Mapanelo a Gasi ndi Manifolds	Amalumikiza masilinda a gasi, owongolera, ma valve ndi zida zogwirira ntchito	Kuipitsidwa kochepa, mbali zoyera, kuuma kolamulidwa komanso kuyesa kutulutsa madzi.
Zomera Zamankhwala ndi Zamafuta	Imathandizira njira zoyezera kuthamanga, kuyenda, mulingo ndi kutentha	Kukana mlengalenga, kusamba ndi kuwonekera panja.

Chifukwa Chake 316L Amasankhidwa Kawirikawiri

316L ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chokhala ndi chromium, nickel ndi molybdenum. Chowonjezera cha molybdenum chimathandiza kukana dzimbiri ndi kuphulika kwa dzenje poyerekeza ndi 304L, pomwe mpweya wochepa umathandizira kuwotcherera pochepetsa chiopsezo cha chromium-carbide kugwa m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kutentha.

Kwa makina opangira zida, makhalidwe awa amapereka maubwino angapo othandiza:

• Kukana dzimbiri bwino m'mlengalenga wa mankhwala, wa m'nyanja ndi wamafakitale.

• Kupindika bwino pozungulira zida ndi zothandizira zomangamanga.

• Kutha kusungunula kodalirika kwa machubu ozungulira komanso ozungulira.

• Kugwirizana ndi zipangizo zopondereza zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri.

• Kupezeka kwakukulu m'malo opanda msoko, olumikizidwa, okokedwa komanso owala.

• Kulinganiza bwino mphamvu, ukhondo, mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito oyenera.

Deta Yachizolowezi ya Zamalonda

Chinthu Chofotokozera	Zosankha Zofala
Zinthu Zofunika	316L, UNS S31603, EN 1.4404
Njira Yopangira Zinthu	Yopanda msoko, yolukidwa, yolukidwa ndi kukokedwa kapena yozizira
Muyezo Wofanana	ASTM A269, yokhala ndi zofunikira za polojekiti kapena makasitomala ngati kuli kofunikira
M'mimba mwake wakunja	Kukula kwa zida zoyambira ndi zoyezera, kuphatikiza 3 mm mpaka 25 mm kapena 1/8 inchi mpaka 1 inchi
Kukhuthala kwa Khoma	Zosankhidwa malinga ndi kupanikizika, kutentha, OD, kupindika ndi zofunikira pakuyenerera
pamwamba	Yophikidwa ndi kuviikidwa mu uvuni, yowala bwino, yopukutidwa ndi makina kapena yopukutidwa ndi magetsi
Fomu Yoperekera	Kutalika kolunjika kapena ma coil, kutengera kukula ndi ntchito
Zikalata Zachizolowezi	EN 10204 3.1 MTC, lipoti la dimensional, mbiri ya mayeso a kuthamanga kwa mpweya kapena eddy-current ndi zolemba za ukhondo

Zofunikira pa Ukhondo

Ukhondo ndi chimodzi mwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chubu chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chubu chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida. Mafuta otsala, mafuta okoka, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, skewero la okosijeni ndi chinyezi zimatha kuipitsa zitsanzo za ntchito, kutseka ma valve ang'onoang'ono kapena kusokoneza zida zowunikira zomwe zili zodziwika bwino.

Chikhalidwe cha ukhondo chingaphatikizepo:

• Kuchotsa mafuta ndi kuchotsa mafuta okoka.

• Kutsuka mkati kapena kutsuka ndi njira yogwirizana.

• Kuumitsa ndi mpweya wabwino wosefedwa kapena nayitrogeni.

• Kuyang'anira tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chinyezi ndi zotsalira zomwe zimawoneka.

• Kuphimba nthawi yomweyo mukamaliza kuyeretsa komaliza.

• Mapepala opangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena polyethylene yoyera.

• Matumba awiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino kwambiri kapena mu chipinda choyera.

Mawu akuti "chubu choyera" sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda njira yovomerezeka. Ukhondo wamba wa mafakitale ungafunike mapaipi opanda mafuta komanso otsekedwa, pomwe ntchito ya semiconductor kapena mankhwala ingafunike malire oyezera tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kukhwima kolamulidwa, kupukuta kwamagetsi, kusuntha ndi kuyika m'chipinda chotsukira.

Kumaliza kwa Pamwamba ndi Kuuma

Pamwamba pa mkati pa zinthu zimenezi pamakhala kutsika kwa mphamvu ya mpweya, kusunga tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuyeretsa bwino komanso kulondola kwa zitsanzo. Machubu wamba a zida zoyeretsera zinthu angagwiritse ntchito pamwamba pa mkati mosalala kapena wothira madzi, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyera kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza kuuma kwa mkati.

Mkhalidwe wa Pamwamba	Makhalidwe Abwino	Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kawirikawiri
Zophikidwa ndi Zokometsera	Tsukani malo a mafakitale ndi sikelo ya okosijeni yochotsedwa	Zipangizo zonse zogwirira ntchito ndi mizere yogwiritsira ntchito.
Wowala Wodzaza	Malo osalala, owala opangidwa pansi pa mlengalenga wolamulidwa	Mizere yowunikira, makina a gasi, mizere yoyera yamadzimadzi ndi kuwotcherera kwa orbital.
Yopukutidwa ndi Makina	Kuchepetsa kuuma pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera	Chakudya, mankhwala ndi zida zoyeretsera.
Yopukutidwa ndi magetsi	Kukonza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito electrochemical ndi kuyeretsa bwino komanso kufanana kwa pamwamba	Mpweya woyeretsedwa kwambiri, semiconductor, biotechnology ndi machitidwe owunikira ofunikira.

Pamene kuuma kwafotokozedwa, dongosolo logulira liyenera kunena ngati malirewo akugwira ntchito pa ID, OD kapena zonse ziwiri. Liyeneranso kuzindikira mtengo wofunikira wa Ra, njira yoyezera, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo komanso ngati madera osungunula akuphatikizidwa.

Kukula ndi Kulamulira Kulekerera

Zipangizo zolumikizira zimatseka m'mimba mwake wakunja kwa chubu, kotero kulamulira kwa OD ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kuzungulira kwambiri, kukanda kapena kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kumatha kuchepetsa kukhudzana kwa ferrule ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kutuluka kwa madzi. Kukhuthala kwa khoma kuyeneranso kukhala kokwanira kukakamiza kofunikira pamene kuli koyenera kupindika ndi kusonkhana.

Zowongolera zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:

• Kunja kwa dayamita ndi kulolera kwa OD.

• Kukhuthala kwa khoma kochepa komanso kodziwika bwino.

• Kuzungulira kwa dzira ndi kukhazikika.

• Kuwongoka mu chubu cholunjika.

• Kukula kwa coil ndi momwe zimakhalira pozungulira chubu chozungulira.

• Kuchuluka kwa makona, kuchotsa burr ndi kutalika kwa kudula.

• Zolakwika pamwamba pa malo ogwirira ndi otsekera.

Kulekerera kolimba kungafunike pamene mapaipi akuphatikizidwa ndi zolumikizira ziwiri za ferrule, zopindika zokha za machubu, ma compact manifolds kapena zida zolumikizira zozungulira. Malangizo a wopanga machubu ayenera kuwunikidwanso musanayike dongosolo la zinthuzo.

Machubu Opanda Msoko vs Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Zida Zosefedwa

Kuyerekeza	Chitoliro Chopanda Msoko	Chubu Cholumikizidwa kapena Cholumikizidwa ndi Chokokedwa
Ntchito yomanga	Palibe msoko wotchingira wautali	Yopangidwa kuchokera ku mzere wokhala ndi weld yotalika, nthawi zina kutsatiridwa ndi kujambula kozizira
Kupanikizika ndi Utumiki Wofunika Kwambiri	Kawirikawiri amakondedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic ndi high pressure	Yoyenera ngati muyezo wa chinthucho, mtundu wa weld ndi kapangidwe ka kupanikizika zimalola
Kusasinthasintha kwa Miyeso	Zabwino zikamalizidwa bwino kuzizira	Machubu olumikizidwa ndi kukokedwa angapereke kukula kwabwino komanso kuwongolera pamwamba
Kufanana kwa pamwamba	Palibe mkanda wothira mkati	Mkhalidwe wa weld ndi mkanda wamkati ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zalamulidwa
Malangizo a Mtengo	Kawirikawiri zimakhala zapamwamba	Kawirikawiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri pakukula koyenera

Njira yopangira iyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi kupanikizika, kutopa, kufunika kwa ntchito, zofunikira pamwamba ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi makasitomala. "Wopanda msoko" sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kufotokoza zofunikira za kukula ndi ukhondo.

Magiredi Ovomerezeka ndi Njira Zina

Zinthu Zofunika	Nthawi Yogwiritsira Ntchito	Choletsa Chachikulu
304L	Utumiki woyera, wofatsa komanso wopanda chloride wambiri komwe kuwongolera ndalama ndikofunikira	Kukana kwa dzenje lochepa kuposa 316L.
316L	Ntchito ya mankhwala, petrochemical, mlengalenga wa m'nyanja ndi zida zamagetsi	Sikokwanira pa chinthu chilichonse chokhala ndi chloride yambiri, kutentha kwambiri kapena asidi wambiri.
316L VAR	Machitidwe owongolera mpweya oyeretsa kwambiri, oyendera ndege, azachipatala kapena ofunikira kwambiri	Mtengo wokwera komanso kupezeka kochepa.
Duplex 2205	Ntchito zolimba kwambiri komanso zosagwira chloride	Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza kupindika, kuwotcherera ndi kuyika.
Aloyi 625	Makina amphamvu a kloridi, a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mpweya wowawasa kapena makina ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri	Mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa zinthu ndi kupanga.

Miyezo ndi Zofunikira pa Satifiketi

ASTM A269 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chosapanga dzimbiri komanso cholumikizidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse. Kutengera ndi makinawo, zofunikira zina zitha kuchokera ku ma code okakamiza, opanga zida zomangira, miyezo ya mankhwala, ma specifications a semiconductor kapena magulu a mapaipi okhudzana ndi polojekiti.

Phukusi lathunthu la zolemba likhoza kuphatikizapo:

✅ EN 10204 3.1 satifiketi yoyesera zinthu.

✅ Chiwerengero cha kutentha, mtundu ndi kutsata kwa muyezo wa chinthu.

✅ Zotsatira za kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mphamvu yokoka.

✅ OD, makulidwe a khoma, dzira ndi kuyang'anira kutalika.

✅ Kuyesa kwa Hydrostatic, pneumatic, eddy-current kapena mayeso ena odziwika bwino a umphumphu.

✅ Lipoti la kukhwima kwa pamwamba pomwe pakufunika.

✅ Ukhondo, kuchotsa mafuta kapena mbiri ya kusinthasintha kwa kutentha.

✅ Lipoti la PMI loletsa kusakanikirana kwa zinthu.

✅ Kuyang'anira kulongedza ndi kuyika makoma.

✅ Kutulutsidwa kwa kuwunika kwa chipani chachitatu ngati pakufunika kutero.

Zoletsa za Machubu a Zida za 316L

316L ndi chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma sichimakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri, dzimbiri kapena kusweka kwa dzimbiri. Ma chloride ofunda, madzi a m'nyanja osakhazikika, zinthu zotsalira ndi mankhwala oyeretsera okhuthala amatha kupitirira mphamvu yake yowononga.

Zoletsa zina zikuphatikizapo:

• Mapaipi opyapyala amatha kuwonongeka chifukwa chogwira ntchito molakwika kapena chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.

• Kukanda kwakukulu kwakutali kumatha kusokoneza zomangira zomwe zimamangirira.

• Kusachita bwino kupindika kungayambitse kuphwanyika, makwinya kapena kuonda khoma.

• Kuyeretsa kwanthawi zonse m'mafakitale sikungakwaniritse ntchito yoyeretsa kwambiri.

• Machubu ochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe osiyana a kupirira ndi kuuma.

• Kusankha kolakwika kwa cholumikizira kungayambitse kutuluka kwa madzi ngakhale chubucho chikakwaniritsa muyezo wa zinthuzo.

Momwe Mungatchulire Machubu a Zida za 316L

Funso lothandiza kapena oda yogulira iyenera kuphatikizapo:

✅ Zida: 316L / UNS S31603 / EN 1.4404.

✅ Muyezo wa malonda ndi mtundu wofunikira.

✅ Kapangidwe kopanda msoko, kolumikizidwa kapena kolumikizidwa ndi kukokedwa.

✅ Kukula kwa khoma ndi m'mimba mwake kunja.

✅ Kutalika kowongoka kapena koyilo.

✅ Malo opindika, owala, opukutidwa kapena opukutidwa ndi magetsi.

✅ OD, khoma, dzira ndi kuongoka kwa mawonekedwe.

✅ Kusakhazikika kwa ID ndi OD komwe kuli koyenera.

✅ Zofunikira pakuyeretsa, kuchotsa mafuta, kupumitsa ndi kuumitsa.

✅ Malizitsani njira yophimba, kuyika manja ndi kulongedza.

✅ Kuyesa kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, mphamvu ya eddy, PMI ndi miyeso.

✅ EN 10204 3.1 MTC ndi malipoti ena owunikira.

Zolakwa Zofala kwa Ogula

Kuyitanitsa "chubu cha zida za 316L" chokha:Izi sizikutanthauza OD, khoma, kulolerana, kapangidwe, pamwamba, kuyeretsa kapena kulongedza.

Kungoganiza kuti ASTM A269 imatanthauza ukhondo wambiri:Kuyeretsa ndi kulongedza zinthu moyera kwambiri kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ngati zofunikira zina.

Kunyalanyaza kugwirizana kwa cholumikizira:Miyeso ya mapaipi, kuuma kwake, ndi momwe pamwamba pake payenera kukhalira ziyenera kugwirizana ndi makina osankhidwa omangira makani.

Kufotokozera kuwala kowala kopanda malire a Ra:Kuwoneka kowala sikutsimikizira kokha mulingo winawake wovuta.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a khoma lodziwika bwino popanga kapangidwe ka kupanikizika popanda kulekerera ndemanga:Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa mpweya kuyenera kuwerengera zofunikira zochepa pakhoma ndi ma code opangidwa.

Kulandira malekezero osadulidwa:Malekezero otseguka amalola fumbi, chinyezi ndi zinthu zopakira kuti zilowe mu chubu mukamaliza kuyeretsa.

Kungoganiza kuti 316L ndi yoyenera malo aliwonse a chloride:Madzi ofunda a m'nyanja, madzi amchere okhuthala komanso ming'alu yoopsa ingafunike mapaipi awiri kapena nickel-alloy.

FAQ

Chifukwa chiyani 316L imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga machubu a zida?

316L imapereka mphamvu yolimba yolimbana ndi dzimbiri, kusinthasintha, kupindika, kupezeka komanso kugwirizana ndi zida zosapanga dzimbiri zopondereza. Kuchuluka kwake kwa mpweya wochepa ndi kothandiza makamaka pamakina opondereza zida.

Kodi machubu osasunthika amafunika popangira zida?

Osati nthawi zonse. Machubu opanda msoko nthawi zambiri amakondedwa pa ntchito yothamanga kwambiri kapena yofunika kwambiri, koma machubu opangidwa bwino olumikizidwa kapena olumikizidwa ndi kukokedwa akhoza kukhala oyenera ngati muyezo wa chinthucho, kapangidwe ka mphamvu ndi zofunikira za polojekiti zilola.

Kodi ndi mapeto ati a pamwamba omwe ndi abwino kwambiri pa chubu cha analyzer?

Machubu opangidwa ndi annealed ndi njira yoyambira yomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa imapereka malo osalala komanso oyera mkati. Makina owunikira oyeretsa kwambiri kapena osavuta kuipitsidwa angafunike machubu opukutidwa ndi makina kapena opukutidwa ndi magetsi okhala ndi Ra yodziwika bwino mkati.

Kodi mapaipi oyera a zida ayenera kupakidwa bwanji?

Mukamaliza kuyeretsa ndi kuumitsa, mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kutsekedwa. Machubu akhoza kumangidwa manja pawokha, kuikidwa mu filimu yoyera ya pulasitiki ndikuyikidwa m'matumba amatabwa. Machubu oyera kwambiri angafunike kuyika matumba awiri ndi kulongedza bwino m'chipinda choyera.

Kodi mapaipi a zida za 316L angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja?

316L ikhoza kukhala yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi ochepa kapena ochepa, koma si chinthu chomwe chimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi ofunda nthawi zonse, madzi oundana kapena mipata yoopsa. Ma Duplex, super duplex, titanium kapena nickel alloys angapereke chitetezo choteteza dzimbiri.

Ndi zikalata ziti zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi chubu cha zida za 316L?

Zikalata zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo EN 10204 3.1 MTC, zotsatira za chemistry ndi mechanical-property, dimensional inspection, pressure kapena eddy-current test record ndi kuyeretsa kulikonse, roughness, PMI kapena ma packaging certificate.

Zogulitsa Zogwirizana ndi Zitsulo Zosapanga Zitsulo

Zofanana	Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zogula
Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Cholondola	Machubu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi OD yolamulidwa, makulidwe a khoma, kulunjika komanso kutha kwa pamwamba.
Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo cha 316L	Machubu opanda msoko ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, mankhwala, madzi ndi zida zoyezera.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Capillary	Machubu ang'onoang'ono kwambiri a mainchesi awiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza, zachipatala, masensa ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino zinthu.
Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chowala Chokhala ndi Annealed	Mapaipi osalala komanso oyera a mapanelo a gasi, zowunikira, makina opangira mankhwala ndi kuwotcherera kwa orbital.
Chitsogozo cha Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chopanda Msoko vs Chosefedwa	Malangizo okhudza njira zopangira, momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, kuwunika ndi kusiyana kwa kugula.

Mapeto

Machubu a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a 316L amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa amaphatikiza kukana dzimbiri, kuwongolera kolondola, kupindika komanso magwiridwe antchito odalirika olumikizira. Pazida zonse zogwirira ntchito, machubu a ASTM A269 osapindika kapena olumikizidwa ndi okokedwa okhala ndi malekezero oyera okhala ndi chivundikiro nthawi zambiri ndi oyenera. Makina owunikira, oyera kwambiri komanso ozungulira angafunike kuwongolera kowala, kupukuta, kupukuta kwamagetsi ndi kuwongolera kolimba kwa roughness.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pogula ndi ukhondo, kupirira kwa OD, makulidwe a khoma, kupendekeka kwa dzira, momwe pamwamba pake palili, mphamvu ya kuthamanga kwa mpweya, ndi kulongedza. Ogula ayenera kunena zofunikira izi pamodzi ndi mtundu, njira yopangira, muyezo, ndi zikalata zowunikira m'malo mongodalira "chubu cha zida za 316L."