Pehea e koho ai i ke ʻano o nā metala e like me kou makemake?

ʻO nā metala ke kumu o ka ʻoihana hou. Mai nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe a me nā alahaka a hiki i nā mea hoʻokomo lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻāpana aerospace, aia nā metala ma nā wahi a pau. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole like nā metala a pau. Pono kēlā me kēia papahana i kahi papa kikoʻī o ka metala e hiki ke kū i nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni, nā pilikia mīkini, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​noi kūikawā. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka papa kūpono kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi loa i ke koho ʻana i nā mea, no ka mea, hoʻopili pololei ia i ke kūpaʻa, ka palekana, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono.

Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou pehea e koho ai i ke ʻano kūpono o nā metala e like me kāu mau pono kikoʻī. E nānā mākou i nā ʻano metala, nā ʻōnaehana māka, nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai i ke koho ʻana i kahi papa, a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kikoʻī no ka ʻoihana.

1. No ke aha he mea nui ke koho ʻana i ka papa metala

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano metala kūpono ʻole e hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole:

• Nā hemahema kūkulu a i ʻole ka ʻaʻahu mua ʻana.

• Nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka hana ʻenekinia nui.

• Hoʻemi ʻia ka hana ma nā wahi koi.

• Nā pilikia kūlike me nā kūlana honua.

Ma ke koho pono ʻana i ka papa kūpono, hōʻoia ʻoe e kūlike ka metala me ka ikaika e pono ai, ke kūpaʻa i ka pala, ka machinability, a me ke ola lawelawe.

2. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā pae metala

A papa metalahe hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ia e wehewehe ana i ka haku mele kemika, nā waiwai mechanical, a me nā ʻano hana o kahi metala. Ua hoʻomohala nā hui kūlana like ʻole e like me ASTM, AISI, EN, JIS, a me ISO i nā ʻōnaehana māka.

Nā Laʻana o nā Papa Metala

• Kila kohu ʻoleʻAISI 304, 316, 410, 430.

• Ke kila kalaponaʻAISI 1018, 1045, 1095.

• Ke kila kila: 4140, 4340, H13.

• Nā Alloys Aluminum: 6061, 7075, 1100.

• Nā ʻāpana nikalaʻO Inconel 600, ʻo Hastelloy C276, ʻo Monel 400.

• Nā mea hoʻohuihui Titanium: Papa 2, Papa 5 (Ti-6Al-4V).

Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā me kēia papa no nā kūlana kikoʻī. No ka laʻana, kūʻē ke kila kila 316 i ka pala i nā wahi kai, ʻoiai ua koho ʻia ke kila kalapona 1045 no nā ʻāpana mīkini ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

3. Nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai i ke koho ʻana i nā papa metala

A. Ikaika Mekanika

Inā koi kāu papahana i ka hiki ke hāpai i ka ukana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kū'ē ʻana i ka hopena, pono ʻoe e koho i kahi papa me ka ikaika tensile a me ka yield kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Ke kila kūkulu (A36, S355).

• Nā kila hao (4140, 4340).

B. Ke kū'ē ʻana i ka palaho

Pono nā wahi me ka makū, nā kemika, a i ʻole ka paʻakai i nā metala kūpaʻa i ka pala. ʻO nā papa kūpono e komo pū me:

• Nā kila kila ʻole 304 a me 316.

• ʻO nā hui nikala e like me Inconel lāua ʻo Monel.

• Nā mea hoʻohui alumini me nā papa oxide kūlohelohe.

C. Ke kū'ē ʻana i ka mahana

No nā noi i hōʻike ʻia i ka wela nui, e like me nā umu a i ʻole nā ​​​​mīkini jet, koho i nā papa i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe:

• Kila kila ʻole 310, 446.

• ʻO nā hui nikala e like me Inconel 718.

• Nā mea hoʻohui Titanium no ka mokulele.

D. Ka hiki ke mīkini a me ke ʻano hana

Pono kekahi mau papahana i nā metala hiki ke hoʻoponopono maʻalahi ʻia a mīkini ʻia paha. He kūpono nā kila kalapona haʻahaʻa a me nā mea hoʻohui alumini no kēia mau hihia.

E. Ka Pono o ke Kumukūʻai

ʻAʻole pono nā papahana āpau i nā metala koʻikoʻi. Inā he mea hopohopo ka hoʻolālā kālā, e koho i kahi papa e kaulike ana i ka hana me ke kumukūʻai, e like me nā kila kalapona no ke kūkulu ʻana maʻamau.

F. Hoʻokō ʻana i nā Kūlana

Pono nā ʻoihana e like me ka aerospace, ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea lapaʻau i nā mea e kūlike me nā kūlana ASTM, ISO, a i ʻole EN. E hōʻoia mau i nā palapala hōʻoia i ke koho ʻana i kahi papa.

4. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa kila kila

ʻO ke kila kila kekahi o nā mea maʻalahi loa, akā he mea nui ke koho ʻana i ka papa kūpono:

• 304 kila kilaNo ke kumu maʻamau, kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala, hoʻohana ʻia i nā lumi kuke a me nā kuhikuhipuʻuone.

• 316 kila kilaʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā wahi wai paʻakai a me nā kemika.

• 410 kila kilaIkaika a paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no nā ʻāpana ʻoki a me nā ʻāpana mechanical.

• 430 kila kilaKūʻai kūpono a kūpaʻa i ka pala, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻoki kaʻa.

5. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa kila kalapona

He ikaika ke kila kalapona, kūpono ke kumukūʻai, a hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻOkoʻa nā papa ma muli o ka nui o ke kalapona:

• Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa (AISI 1018): Maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe a hana, kūpono no nā noi maʻamau.

• Ke kila kalapona waena (AISI 1045)ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa, hoʻohana ʻia i nā kia a me nā ʻauamo.

• Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe (AISI 1095)Paʻakikī loa a kūpaʻa i ke komo ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā mea ʻokiʻoki.

6. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa kila kila

Hana ʻia nā kila alloy no nā pono hana kikoʻī:

• 4140 kila kilaIkaika maikaʻi loa, paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa i ka luhi.

• 4340 kila kilaIkaika loa no nā noi aerospace a me ka pale kaua.

• H13 Mea Hana KilaʻO ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa wela, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻōmole a me nā make.

7. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa alumini

He māmā ka alumini a kūpaʻa i ka pala, akā ʻokoʻa kona mau waiwai ma nā papa like ʻole:

• 6061 AluminiIkaika kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia, a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala.

• 7075 AluminiIkaika loa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka aerospace a me ka pale kaua.

• 1100 AluminiAlumini maʻemaʻe me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika.

8. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa Nickel Alloy

Ua ʻike ʻia nā hui nickel no ka pala loa a me ke kūpaʻa wela:

• ʻInconel 600Kūpaʻa i ka oxidation a me ka corrosion, hoʻohana ʻia i nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe.

• ʻInonel 718Ikaika maikaʻi loa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no nā ʻenekini mokulele.

• ʻO Hastelloy C276Kūpaʻa loa i ka pala kemika.

• Monel 400Ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka wai kai a me nā waikawa.

9. Ke koho ʻana i nā papa Titanium Alloy

Hāʻawi ʻo Titanium i ka ikaika a me ke kaumaha māmā, e lilo ia i mea waiwai nui i nā ʻoihana holomua:

• Papa 2 TitaniumKū'ē maika'i loa i ka pala, ho'ohana 'ia i ka hana kemika.

• Papa 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)ʻO ka lakio ikaika-a-kaumaha kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea hoʻokomo aerospace a me nā mea hoʻokomo lapaʻau.

10. Nā Manaʻo Hoʻokumu ʻOihana

Kūkulu ʻana

• Ke kila kalapona A36, S355.

• Ke kila kila 304 no nā hoʻopau kuhikuhipuʻuone.

Kaʻa

• Nā kila kalapona 1045 no nā ʻāpana mīkini.

• Ke kila kila 409 no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopau.

Lehulehu

• Alumini 7075, titanium Papa 5, Inconel 718.

ʻAila a me ke Kinoea

• Nā kila kila ʻelua (2205).

• Nā hui nikala no ke kūpale ʻana i ka pala.

Lapaʻau

• Kila kila ʻole 316L.

• Titanium Papa 2 a me Papa 5 no nā mea hoʻokomo.

11. Ke kaulike o ke kumukūʻai vs. ka hana

ʻOiai he mea hoʻowalewale paha ke koho mau i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki i ka hana ʻana pēlā ke hoʻonui nui i nā kumukūʻai. Akā, e kālailai i nā koi hana o kāu papahana a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me ka papa kūpono loa. No ka laʻana, ua lawa paha ke kila kila 304 i nā wahi he nui me ka ʻole o ka lilo hou o 316.

12. Ke Kuleana o nā Mea Hoʻolako i ke Koho ʻana i ka Papa

ʻO ka hana ʻana me nā mea hoʻolako akamai e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e loaʻa iā ʻoe ke alakaʻi no ke koho ʻana i nā mea, nā palapala hoʻokō, a me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi. ʻO nā ʻoihana e like mesakysteelhāʻawi i kahi ākea o nā kila kila, nā kila alloy, nā nickel alloys, a me nā huahana alumini e hoʻokō ana i nā kūlana honua, e kōkua ana i nā mea kūʻai aku e koho i ka māka kūpono no kā lākou mau noi kūikawā.

13. Nā ʻAno Hou i ka Hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Papa Metala

Me nā ʻoihana e koi ana i nā mea hana hoʻomau a me nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo nā ʻano e hiki mai ana:

• Nā mea hoʻohui māmāno ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ikehu.

• Nā kila ikaika kiʻekiʻeno ka palekana o nā kaʻa.

• Nā mea hoʻohui kū i ka palahono nā papahana ikehu hou.

• Nā metala aloha kaiapunime nā kapuaʻi kalapona haʻahaʻa.

Ke hoʻopukapuka nei nā mea hana i ka hana hou e hoʻokō ai i kēia mau pono e kū mai ana.

Hopena

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono o ka metala kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi loa i kekahi papahana ʻenekinia a hana paha. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ikaika mechanical, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala, ka hoʻomanawanui wela, ka machinability, ke kumukūʻai, a me ke kūlike, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka mea e kūpono loa i kāu mau koi.

Hilinaʻi nā ʻoihana like ʻole i nā māka like ʻole, a ʻaʻohe pane hoʻokahi e kūpono i nā mea āpau. ʻO ke kī, ʻo ia ke kaulike i ka hana me ke kumukūʻai a e hōʻoia i ka kūlike o ka māka i koho ʻia me nā kūlana honua. No nā ʻoihana e ʻimi nei i ke kākoʻo loea,sakysteelhāʻawi i nā hoʻonā hilinaʻi a me kahi waihona piha o nā huahana metala i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokō i nā pilikia ʻoihana paʻakikī loa.