Te Tūhura i ngā Āheinga Whakamahana me te Whakapakari i te Poraka Hanga Kowiri tira 431

I te ao ongā maitai kore waikura mahi teitei, Poraka whakarewa maitai kore waikura 431e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō ānahe huinga tino pai o te kaha, te pakeke, me te ātete ki te waikuraHeimaitai kore waikura martensitic, kei a ia te āheinga ahurei ki te nohoi whakamahanatia, i whakapakeketia, e āhei ai ngā miihini me ngā kaihanga ki te whakatikatika i ōna āhuatanga hangarau mō ngā tono ahumahi rerekē.

Mai ingā toki rererangi to ngā taputapu moanamemīhini ahumahi, ngā wāhanga i hangaia mai iPoraka whakarewa maitai kore waikura 431me tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino — tae atu ki te pēhanga teitei, te ahotea hihiri, me te pānga ki ngā taiao waikura. Ko te kī ki te maha o ngā whakamahinga o tēnei koranu kei roto i tōnatukanga maimoatanga wera, e whakarei ake ana i ngā mea e ruakahamepakarime te pupuri tonu i te ponoātete ki te waikura.

Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngāte kaha ki te whakamahana me te whakapakeke i te poraka whakarewa maitai 431, whakamāramahia ngā panonitanga whakarewa e puta ana i te wā tukatuka, me te whakamārama me pēheaSAKYSTEELka whakarite i te mahi pai o te hua mā te whakahaere wera tika me te tohungatanga hanga.

He Kupu Whakataki ki te Poraka Hanga Kowiri tira 431

431 kowiri tirahemaitai kore waikura martensitic chromium-nickelka taea tēnāwhakapakeketia e te maimoatanga weraKei roto15–17% konukōmiumame1.25–2.5% nikara, e whakarato ana i te taurite i waenga ikaha teitei, ngāwari, meātete waikura taurite.

Ina hangaia, ka whakawhanakehia he kowiri tira 431hanganga witi matotorume te hiranga akete pono o te miihini, e tika ana mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana ki ngā mea e ruate pumau o ngā āhuatangameātete pānga.

Ko ngā tono noa ko:

• Ngā wāhanga rererangipērā i ngā toki, ngā kaiwhakaoho, me ngā wāhanga o te tāpine

• Ngā taputapu moanamengā toki papui pāngia e te wai tote

• Ngā wāhanga taraiwa motuka, ngā takirere, mengā taputapu ahumahi

Te kaha o te rauemi ki te whakamātaumaimoatanga wera ritengahe mea tino pai mō ngā kaupapa e hiahiatia ana ngā āhuatanga miihini tika.

Te Tūāpapa Whakarewa: He aha te Hiranga o te Maimoatanga Wera

Te mea ngaro i muriNgā mahi ā-ringa a te maitai kore waikura 431kei roto i tanahanganga karaihe martensitic. I roto i tōna āhua whakamahana, ka whakaatuhia e te maitai kore waikura 431 hehanganga ngohengohe, ngāwari hoki, kia māmā ai te mīhini, te hanga rānei. Heoi, mā roto ite maimoatanga wera whakahaere, ka taea te huri heirauemi mārō, kaha, ā, e ātete ana ki te kakahume te kore e tino whakaiti i te pakari.

Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamahana i te poraka whakarewa maitai 431 ko:

1. Whakanuia te pakeke me te kahamā te whakawhiti martensitic.

2. Whakamamaehia ngā ahotea o rotoi puta mai i te wā e hanga ana, e miihini ana rānei.

3. Whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahume te pakari o te mata.

4. Whakapai ake i te pakarime te pupuri tonu i te ātete waikura e tika ana.

Te Tukanga Maimoatanga Wera o te Poraka Hangaia Kowiri tira 431

Te maimoatanga wera oPoraka whakarewa maitai kore waikura 431ko te tikanga e toru ngā taahiraa matua:whakamahana, whakapakeketanga (whakamārō), mete whakamahanaHe mea nui ia taahiraa ki te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te ātete-waikura whakamutunga.

1. Te Whakamahana – Te Whakaora i te ahotea me te Whakangawari

Te whakamahanaKa mahia hei whakapai ake i te hanganga o te kōpaka me te whakamama i ngā ahotea o roto i puta i te wā o te tukanga hanga. Mā tēnei mahi ka māmā ake te mīhini i te rauemi, ā, ka whakarite kia ōrite i mua i te whakapakeketanga.

Te Tukanga Whakamahana Noa:

• Te pāmahana whakamahana:850–900°C

• Wā Pupuri:He rawaka kia eke te poraka katoa ki te pāmahana

• Whakamatao:Whakamatao puhoi i roto i te oumu hei ārai i te whakapōturitanga

Ngā Painga o te Whakamahana:

• Ka whakaiti i te pakeketanga me te pakarukaru

• Whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te miihini me te ngāwari o te mahi

• Ka whakaiti i te ahotea o roto kia pai ake ai te pumau o te hanganga

I muri i te whakamahana, he ngawari te rauemi, ā, kua rite mō temiihini tika or ngā mahi maimoatanga wera e whai ake nei.

2. Te Whakamārō (Te Whakaiti) – Te Whakawhanake i te Kaha Teitei

Tewhakapakeketangate wāhanga tino nui mō tePoraka whakarewa maitai kore waikura 431, i te mea ka hurihia te rauemi mai i te hanganga ngāwari ki tewāhanga martensitic kaha-teitei.

Ngā Tawhā Tukanga Whakamārō:

• Te pāmahana whakamahana:980–1035°C

• Wā Pupuri:He roa te wā hei whakapūmau i te weranga (30–60 meneti te nuinga, i runga i te rahi)

• Waenga Whakamate:Hinu, hau rānei, i runga i te matotoru o te wāhanga me te tere whakamatao e hiahiatia ana

I te wā e whakamahana ana, ka huri te hanganga mai i teferiti to austenite. Ina tere te whakamatao (te tineia), ka huri te austenite heimartensite, he hanganga tioata tino mārō, kaha hoki.

Ngā Hua o te Whakamārō:

• Kaha Kume:Tae atu ki te 1300 MPa

• Te pakeketanga:260–300 HB (ka taea te eke ki te 40 HRC i runga i te whakamahana)

• Te Kaha o te Hua:750–950 MPa

Ngā Whakaaro Matua:

• Ka whakaitihia te whakapōturitanga o ngā poraka hanga nui mā te tineia o te hau.

• Ka nui ake te mārō o te tinei hinu mō ngā wāhanga iti ake.

• He mea nui te whakahaere tika i te tere whakamatao kia kore ai e ngatata, e piko rānei.

I muri i te whakapakeketanga, ka eke te rauemi ki te kaha mōrahi engari ka pakarukaru pea — koia te takete whakamahanahe mea nui te taahiraa.

3. Te Whakamātao – Te Whakataurite i te Kaha me te Pakari

Te whakamahanaWhai muri i te whakapakeketanga hei whakaiti i te pakarukaru me te pupuri tonu i te nuinga o te kaha kua riro. Ko te tikanga he whakamahana anō i te rauemi kua whakapakeketia ki te pāmahana iti iho, kia taea ai te whakaiti i te ahotea me te whakapai ake i te hanganga moroiti.

Ngā Tawhā Tukanga Whakamahana:

• Awhe Pāmahana:620–760°C

• Wā Pupuri:1–2 hāora i runga i te rahi o te poraka

• Whakamatao:Whakamatao hau

Ngā Pānga o te Whakamahana:

• Ka whakaiti i te ahotea ā-roto me te pakarukaru

• Whakapai akepakarimeātete pānga

• Whakarei akete pumau o ngā āhuatangai te wā o te ratonga

• Ka taea te whakarite i te pakeketanga i runga i te tono

Hei tauira:

• Te pāmahana whakamātao iti (~620°C):Ka mau tonu te pakeke me te kaha teitei.

• Te pāmahana whakamātao teitei (~750°C):Ka pai ake te pakari me te ngāwari.

Mā tēnei tukanga ka whakarite kiaPoraka whakarewa maitai kore waikura 431e whakatutuki ana i tētahihe huinga taurite o te pakeke, te kaha, me te pakari, e tika ana mōngā taiao ahotea nui.

Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa i Muri i te Maimoatanga Wera