He aha ka mea e hana ai i ka metala ikaika loa?

ʻO nā metala ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka hana hou kanaka, mai nā pahi kaua kahiko a hiki i nā skyscrapers hou. Akā i ka wā e pili ana i ka ikaika, ʻaʻole i hana like nā metala āpau. Ke hāpai nei kēia i kahi nīnau hoihoi no nā ʻenekinia, nā mea hoʻolālā, a me nā mea ʻepekema waiwai:He aha ka mea e hana ai i ka metala ikaika loa?He ikaika tensile? ʻO ka paʻakikī? Kū'ē i ka deformation? Aia ka pane ma kahi hui o nā waiwai e wehewehe i ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa o ka metala.

Ma kēia ʻatikala piha, e ʻimi mākouka mea e ikaika ai ka metala, kālailai i kanā metala ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā, a nānā i nā pae hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi iā lākou. Inā ʻoe e hoʻolālā ana i nā mīkini hana kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻāpana aerospace, a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana ʻenehana, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ikaika metala ke kī i ke koho ʻana i nā mea kūpono no ka hana.

Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolako ʻoihana i nā metala ʻoihana,sakysteelhāʻawi i ka ʻike a me ka loaʻa ʻana i kahi ākea o nā alloys ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e hoʻokō i kāu mau pono ʻenehana. E luʻu kākou i ka ʻepekema o ka ikaika.

1. He aha ke ʻano o ka "ikaika" ma nā metala?

Hiki i ka ikaika o nā metala ke kuhikuhi i nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole, me:

• Ikaika U'i: Kūʻē i ka huki ʻia ʻana

• Ka ikaika hoʻopili: Ke kū'ē i ka'ō'ō

• Ka ikaika hua: ʻO ke kiko kahi e hoʻomaka ai e hoʻopōʻino mau

• ʻoʻoleʻa: Ke kū'ē i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana

• Paʻa Paʻakikī: Hiki ke komo i ka ikehu i ka hoouka koke ana

ʻO kahi metala ikaika maoli ke kaulike i kēia mau waiwai e hana i nā kūlana koi me ka ʻole o ka hemahema.

2. Nā mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ikaika metala

Hoʻoholo kekahi mau mea i ka ikaika o kahi metala:

a) Hoʻohui Kimia

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea e like me carbon, chromium, vanadium, a i ʻole molybdenum e hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika a me ka hana o nā metala kumu.

b) Hoʻokumu Crystal

ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o nā metala me ke kino-centered cubic (BCC) a i ʻole ke alo-centered cubic (FCC) i lalo o ke kaumaha. No ka laʻana, hāʻawi ka hana hexagonal close-packed (HCP) o titanium i kona ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

c) Alloying

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā metala ikaika loaʻaʻole nā mea maʻemaʻeakaʻenehana i hoʻohuihui ʻia- nā hui pū ʻana o nā metala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai kikoʻī.

d) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela

ʻO nā kaʻina hana e like me ke kinai ʻana, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a me ka annealing hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka palaoa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana mechanical.

e) Paʻa hana

Hiki i ka hana anu a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ke hoʻoikaika i kahi metala ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kona ʻano palaoa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui dislocation.

At sakysteel, ke hoʻolako nei mākou i nā'āpana hana kiʻekiʻe i hanaʻia a hanaʻia no ka loaʻaʻana o ka ikaika maikaʻi ma muli o kēia mau kumuhana.

3. Na Metala ikaika loa o ka honua

a) Tungsten

• ʻO ka ikaika ʻoi loa: ~1510 MPa

• Lae hehee: 3422°C

• ʻO Tungsten kametala maoli ikaika loama ke ano o ka ikaika tensile. He palupalu, akā loaʻa ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe.

b) Nā huila Titanium

• ʻO ka ikaika ʻoi loa: ~1000–1200 MPa (no Ti-6Al-4V)

• ʻO ke kaumaha māmā a me ka ikaika, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā alloys titanium i ka aerospace, pale, a me nā noi olakino.

c) Chromium

• ʻIke ʻia no ka paʻakikī loa a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka plating a me nā ʻili paʻa.

d) Nā huila Inconel

• ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Nickel e hāʻawiikaika loa i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo Inconel 625 a me 718 i nā ʻenekini jet a me nā reactor nuklea.

e) Nā Alloy Steel (e laʻa, Maraging Steel, 440C)

• Hiki i nā kila i hana ʻia ke loaʻa ka ikaika ma mua o 2000 MPa.

• He ikaika a paʻakikī hoʻi nā kila Maraging, kūpono no ka mea hana aerospace a me ka pale.

sakysteelhoʻolako i nā kila kuhiliʻole ikaika kiʻekiʻe e like me17-4PH, 440C, a me nā mea hoʻohui maʻamau, mālama i nā ʻoihana e koi ana i ka hana koʻikoʻi.

4. Pehea e koho ai i ka metala ikaika kūpono no kāu noi

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka metala "ikaika" e pili ana i kāupono kiko'ī o ka noi:

a) Pono i ka ikaika tensile loa?

E koho i nā ʻāpana tungsten a i ʻole tungsten no nā noi e like me nā penetrators, filaments, a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

b) Pono ka ikaika me ka māmā?

He kūpono nā ʻāpana Titanium no nā ʻāpana mokulele, prosthetics, a me nā mea hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe.

c) Pono i ka wela a me ka ikaika?

Hana nā huila Inconel a me Hastelloy ma lalo o ka wela a me ke koʻikoʻi - kūpono no nā mea kanu mana a me nā turbines.

d) Pono ka paakiki kiʻekiʻe?

ʻO nā kila kila e like me 440C a me D2 e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa ʻoi loa a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka lihi.

e) Pono ka ʻoʻoleʻa a me ka Weldability?

ʻO nā kila kila e like me 17-4PH hāʻawi i kahi kaulike maikaʻi ma waena o ka ikaika, ke kūpaʻa corrosion, a me ke kaʻina hana.

At sakysteel, Kūkākūkā mākou me nā ʻenekinia e hoʻohālikelike i ka huila kūpono me ka hana mechanical, thermal, a corrosion i kāu noi noi.

5. Ho'āʻo a ana i ka ikaika metala

No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a hōʻoia i ka ikaika, hoʻāʻo ʻia nā metala:

• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana: E ana i ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi e hiki i ke metala ke hoʻomanawanui ma mua o ka haki ʻana.

• Ho'āʻo Charpy Impact: Loiloi i ka oolea a me ka ikehu.

• ʻO nā ho'āʻo paʻakikī o Brinell, Rockwell, a me Vickers: E noʻonoʻo i ka paʻakikī.

• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo kolo: Ke ana i ka deformation lōʻihi ma lalo o ke kaumaha.

ʻO nā huahana a pau i hoʻolako ʻia esakysteelhāʻawi ʻia meNā Palapala Ho'āʻo Material (MTCs)e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻikepili mechanical a me kemika.

6. ʻO nā metala ikaika loa e puka mai ana

Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea ikaika loa. Ke ulu nei nā kānaka ʻepekema:

• Makaanianiani Metala Nui (BMG): Nā metala amorphous me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka paʻakikī.

• Nā Metala Hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo Graphene: Hoʻohui ʻana i ka graphene me nā metala no ka lakene ikaika-a-kaumaha.

• Nanostructured Alloys: ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa i ka unahi nano e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka ductility.

ʻOiai he pipiʻi a hoʻokolohua paha, hōʻike kēia mau mea i kaka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ikaika metala.

7. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka metala ikaika no nā noi āpau

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā'o ka ikaika 'a'ole ia he kūponoi kēlā me kēia hihia. ʻo kahi laʻana:

• He metala iapaakiki loapahapalupalu loano ka hoouka haalulu.

• Loaʻa paha kahi metala ikaikapale ʻino, e hoemi ana i kona ola ana ma na wahi paakiki.

• Hiki paha i kekahi mau ʻāpana ikaikapaʻakikī i ka mīkini a wili paha, hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai hana.

ʻO kēia ke kumu he mea nui e nānā i kapiha hoʻokō hana—ʻaʻole ikaika wale nō—ke koho ʻana i nā mea. Ka poe akamai masakysteelhiki ke kōkua i ke alakaʻi iā ʻoe i ka metala kūpono no ka hana.

Ka hopena

No laila,He aha ka mea e hana ai i ka metala ikaika loa?He hui ia o nā mea e pili ana i ka haku mele ʻana, alloying, microstructure, a me nā kaʻina hana lapaʻau. ʻO nā metala e like me tungsten, titanium alloys, a me nā kila kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi i ka ʻeke i ka ikaika, akā ʻo ka koho "ikaika" e hilinaʻi ʻia i kāu mau koi hana kūikawā.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ikaika metala - tensile, yield, paʻakikī, a me ka paʻakikī - e kōkua iā ʻoe e hana i nā hoʻoholo akamai i ke koho ʻana i nā mea.

Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i nā hoʻonā metala ikaika loa no ka aerospace, ka mea hana, ke kai, a i ʻole nā noi ʻoihana, mai nānā ʻoe ma mua osakysteel. Me nā makahiki o ka ʻike, kahi pūnaewele hoʻolako honua, a me kahi papa inoa ākea o nā alloys hana,sakysteelʻo kou hoa pili no ka ikaika, ka hilinaʻi, a me ka holomua.