He pēhea te hanga o te maitai i te rino?

Ko te rino tētahi o ngā rauemi tino nui o te ao hou, koia te pou tuarā o ngā ahumahi pēnei i te hanga, te motuka, te hanga kaipuke, te pūngao, te hanganga, me te hanga. Ahakoa te whakamahinga whānui o te rino, he tokomaha te hunga kāore i te mōhio me pēhea te hanga mai i te rino mata. He haerenga whakamīharo te tukanga hanga rino, te wāhi e hurihia ai ngā kohuke taiao hei koranu kaha, maha ngā mahi, me te pakari e tautoko ana i te ōhanga o te ao.

I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tirohia taipitopitotia te tukanga whakaputa maitai katoa, mai i te tangohanga o te rino, tae atu ki te tukatuka me te whakarewa, ā, ka mutu ki ngā hua maitai kua oti te whakapai kua rite mō ngā mahi ahumahi.

1. Te Hiranga o te Rino i roto i te Hapori Hou

Ko te rino tētahi o ngā rauemi hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te mea he huinga ahurei o te kaha, te ngāwari, te roa, me te whai hua o te utu. Mai i ngā whare teitei me ngā piriti ki ngā paipa me ngā taputapu pokanga, kua noho te rino hei mea nui. He hononga tata tōna hanga ki te whanaketanga ahumahi me te tipu ōhanga.

E tata ana ki te 2 piriona tāne te nui o te rino e whakaputaina ana e te umanga rino o te ao i ia tau, ā, kei te tipu haere tonu te tono i te mea kei te whakawhānui ake ngā ōhanga whakawhanake i ō rātou hanganga, ā, kei te neke atu ngā ōhanga matatau ki te pūngao hou, ki ngā waka hiko, me ngā tāone atamai. Hei mārama ki tēnei umanga, he mea nui kia ako me pēhea te hanga rino mai i tōna rauemi mata: te rino.

2. He aha te Kohatu Rino?

He toka tūturu te rino kei roto ngā kohuke rino, ko te nuinga he waikura pērā i te hematite (Fe2O3), te magnetite (Fe3O4), me te limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O). Ka keria ēnei kohuke mai i ngā putunga e kitea ana i ngā whenua pēnei i a Ahitereiria, Brazil, Haina, Īnia, me Rūhia, ko rātou te kaiwhakarato o te nuinga o te rino o te ao.

Ko te kounga o te rino e whakatauhia ana e te nui o te rino. Neke atu i te 60 ōrau te rino kei roto i ngā konganuku kounga teitei, ko ngā konganuku kounga iti ia me whai tukanga whakapai ake hei whakanui ake i te kukū o te rino i mua i te whakamahinga mō te hanga maitai.

3. Mai i te Ore ki te Rino: Te Oumu Pahū

Ko te taahiraa nui tuatahi o te hanga maitai ko te huri i te rino hei rino rewa. I te nuinga o te wā ka mahia tēnei i roto i te oumu pupuhi, he hanganga poutū nui kua whakakikoruatia ki ngā pereki ātete ahi ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike.

Hipanga 1: Te Whakarite i ngā Rauemi Mata

• Te rino rinoka kuruhia, ka whakaranua kia tutuki ai te kounga ōrite.

• Kōka, i hangaia mai i te whakamahana i te waro i te korenga o te hāora, he wahie, he kaiwhakaiti hoki.

• Kōhatu Tāwhanaka tāpirihia rānei te dolomite hei rere hei tango i ngā poke pērā i te silica, te whanariki, me te phosphorus.

Hipanga 2: Te Whakautu i te Oumu

Ka whāngaihia ngā paparanga o te rino, te kōka, me te kōhatu pākawa ki te tihi o te oumu pupuhi. Ka pupuhihia te hau kua wera ki raro mā roto i ngā pūwero e kiia nei ko ngā tuyeres.

Hipanga 3: Ngā Tauhohenga Matū

I roto i te oumu, he maha ngā tauhohenga uaua ka puta:

• Ka tahuna e te Coke te hauota waro (CO), ka whakaiti i ngā waikura rino hei rino rewa.

• Ka honoa ngā poke ki te kōhatu ā-papa hei hanga para, he matū mama ake e mānu ana i runga i te rino rewa.

• Ka kohikohi te rino rewa, e kiia ana ko te rino poaka, ki te raro o te oumu.

Ko te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i tēnei rino poaka te 4 ōrau o te waro me ētahi atu poke, ā, ka pakarukaru, ka kore hoki e pai mō te nuinga o ngā mahi. Me whakapai ake hei maitai.

4. Te Whakamahi i te Rino Poaka hei Rino

Ko te mahi e whai ake nei i roto i te hanga maitai ko te whakaiti i te nui o te waro me te tango i ngā poke o te rino poaka. E rua ngā tikanga matua:

A. Te Oumu Hāora Taketake (BOF)

• Ka ringihia te rino poaka rewa mai i te oumu pupuhi ki roto i te oumu hāora taketake.

• Ka pupuhihia te hāora parakore ki roto i te konganuku rewa i te pēhanga teitei, ka waikura te waro me ētahi atu poke.

• Ka whakaitihia te ihirangi waro ki raro iho i te 2 ōrau, ka hangaia he maitai.

Neke atu i te 70 ōrau o te hanga maitai o te ao e whakamahia ana e te tikanga BOF.

B. Ōumu Āwhata Hiko (EAF)

• I roto i te tukanga EAF, ka rewahia ngā para maitai hangarua me ētahi rino whakaiti tika (DRI) mā te whakamahi i te pūngao hiko.

• Ka whakatikatikaina te waro, te whanariki, me ētahi atu poke mā te whakamahi i ngā rerenga me ngā tāpiringa.

• He ngāwari, he pumau, ā, e piki haere ana te rongonui o te tikanga EAF nā te mea e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te hangarua para.

5. Te Whakamahinga Tuarua me te Whakakotahitanga

Whai muri i te mahi hanga maitai tuatahi, ka whakapaia anō te maitai i roto i ngā oumu koko. Mā te whakapai tuarua ka taea te whakahaere tika i te hanganga matū, te tango i ngā hau rewa pēnei i te hauwai me te hauota, me te whakarerekē i te pāmahana.

Ka tāpirihia ngā huānga whakarewa i tēnei wāhanga hei hoatu i ngā āhuatanga motuhake:

• Konuporamō te ātete ki te waikura (he kowiri tira).

• Nikaramō te pakari me te kaha.

• Manganēhimō te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu.

• Molibdenumamō te kaha i te pāmahana teitei.

Mā tēnei taahiraa ka taea e ngā kaihanga pēnei i a sakysteel te hanga i ngā momo maitai motuhake e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao mō ngā ahumahi tono nui.

6. Te Maka i te Rino

Kia oti te whakapai te maitai te whakarewa, me whakapakeke kia rite ki ngā āhua e taea ai te whakamahi. Ko te tikanga tino noa ko tete whakarewa tonu, te wāhi e rere ai te maitai rewa ki roto i te pokepokea ai kua whakamataohia e te wai, ka totoka ai hei āhua haurua-oti pērā i ngā pirepire, ngā putiputi, ngā pereti rānei.

• Ngā piretie whakamahia ana mō ngā hua roa pērā i ngā pae, ngā tokotoko me ngā waea.

• Ngā Puawaika tukatukahia hei āhua hanganga pēnei i ngā kurupae-I.

• Ngā papaka hurihia hei rau, hei pereti, hei koiri.

Ka whakapai ake te whakarewatanga tonu i te whai huatanga, ka whakaiti i te para, ā, ka whakarite hoki i ngā hua maitai kounga teitei.

7. Te Hurihuri me te Whakaoti

Ka hurihia te maitai haurua-oti ki te huri wera me te huri matao kia tutuki ai te matotoru me te kounga o te mata e hiahiatia ana e ngā kiritaki.

• Hurihuri weraka hanga i te maitai i te mea kei runga ake i tōna pāmahana whakakōataata anō, kia māmā ake ai te hanga hei pereti, hei koiri, hei kōtaha rānei.

• Hurihuri makaririka puta i te pāmahana rūma, hei whakarei ake i te mutunga o te mata, te kaha, me te tika o ngā āhuatanga.

I muri i te hurihuri, ka pāngia pea te maitai e:

• Te whakamahanahei whakapai ake i te ngāwari.

• Te whakapūmauhei ārai i te waikura.

• Te maimoatanga matakia pai ake ai te āhua me te ātete.

Ko te mutunga iho he whānuitanga o ngā hua maitai kua rite mō ngā tono puta noa i ngā rāngai maha.

8. Ngā Whakaaroaro Taiao i roto i te Hanga Rino

He nui te kaha e whakamahia ana mō te hanga maitai, ā, e hono ana ki te nui o ngā tukunga hauhā waro. Heoi, kei te anga whakamua te umanga ki te oranga tonutanga mā roto i:

• Te hangaruaKo te rino te rauemi hangarua rawa atu o te ao, neke atu i te 85 ōrau te auau hangarua.

• Ngā Oumu Āwhata HikoKa whakaitihia e ngā EAF te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua mā te whakamahi i te hiko me te maitai para.

• Ngā Hangarau Hopu WaroKo te whāinga o ngā kaupapa whakamātautau he hopu me te penapena i te CO2 mai i ngā oumu pupuhi.

• Te Whakaitinga HauwaiKei te whakamātautau ētahi kaihanga maitai i te hauwai hei utu mō te kōka hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro.

He mea nui te hanga maitai pumau hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga āhuarangi o te ao, me te whakatutuki anō hoki i te hiahia e piki haere ana mō tēnei rauemi nui.

9. Ngā Kaiārahi o te Ao mō te Hanga Rino

Ko ngā whenua pēnei i a Haina, Īnia, Hapani, me Kōrea ki te Tonga te nuinga o ngā kaihanga maitai o te ao. Ko ngā kamupene pēnei i a ArcelorMittal, Nippon Steel, Baosteel, me Tata Steel kei roto i ngā kaihanga nui rawa atu o te ao.

Ngā kaiwhakarato e pai ana kisakysteelarotahi ki te tuku hua maitai kore waikura, maitai koranu, me te maitai waro kounga teitei ki ngā kiritaki o te ao puta noa i Ūropi, te Waenganui Rawhiti, me Amerika Latina, me te whakarite kia whiwhi ngā kiritaki i ngā rauemi e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ahumahi tino pakari.

10. Ngā Whakamahinga o te Rino

Nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga o te maitai, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā tini ahumahi:

• HangangaNgā pae whakakaha, ngā kurupae, me te maitai hanganga.

• AunoaNgā panera tinana, ngā wāhanga miihini, me ngā pūnaha haumaru.

• PūngaoNgā paipa, ngā tāpoi hau, me ngā papaaho tai.

• RererangiNgā maitai koranu kaha-teitei mō ngā hanganga rererangi.

• HauoraNgā taputapu pokanga me ngā taputapu hōhipera.

Nā te ngāwari o te rino ki te urutau ka noho tonu hei rauemi taketake ā muri ake nei.

Whakamutunga

Ko te whakawhiti i te rino hei maitai tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga whakamiharo o te ahumahi hou. Mai i te keri i ngā kohuke taiao, te haere i roto i te oumu pupuhi, te whakamahine, te whakakoi, me te whakarewa, ka puta he rauemi kaha, he maha hoki ngā whakamahinga o te tukanga.

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka whanake tonu te hanga maitai ki te pumau, ki te whai hua, me te mahi pai ake. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whare teitei, i ngā motuka, i ngā pūnaha hiko rānei, ka noho tonu te maitai hei pou mō te ahunga whakamua o te ahumahi me te whanaketanga tangata.

Mō ngā ahumahi e rapu ana i ngā hua maitai kounga teitei me ngā paerewa kua oti te whakapūmau, ka whakaratohia e ngā kamupene pēnei i a sakysteel te tohungatanga, te pono, me te auahatanga e hiahiatia ana hei tautoko i ngā kaupapa nui o te ao.