Insimbi Yenziwa Kanjani Ngensimbi Engacwebezeli?

Insimbi ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yanamuhla, eyakha umgogodla wezimboni ezifana nokwakha, izimoto, ukwakha imikhumbi, amandla, ingqalasizinda, kanye nokukhiqiza. Naphezu kokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwensimbi, abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi yenziwe kanjani ngempela nge-ore yensimbi eluhlaza. Inqubo yokwenza insimbi iwuhambo oluthakazelisayo lokuguqulwa, lapho amaminerali emvelo eguqulwa abe yingxube eqinile, eguquguqukayo, futhi ehlala isikhathi eside esekela umnotho womhlaba.

Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza insimbi, kusukela ekukhishweni kwensimbi, ukuhamba ngokucubungula nokuncibilikisa, bese siphetha ngemikhiqizo yensimbi ecwengisisiwe elungele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini.

1. Ukubaluleka Kwensimbi Emphakathini Wanamuhla

Insimbi ingenye yezinto zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yenhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yamandla, ukuguquguquka, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Kusukela ezakhiweni eziphakeme namabhuloho kuya kumapayipi nezinsimbi zokuhlinza, insimbi isibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuhlobene kakhulu nentuthuko yezimboni kanye nokukhula komnotho.

Imboni yensimbi yomhlaba wonke ikhiqiza cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka, futhi isidingo siyaqhubeka nokukhula njengoba iminotho esathuthuka yandisa ingqalasizinda yayo kanye neminotho ethuthukile ishintshela emandleni avuselelekayo, ezimotweni zikagesi, kanye nasemadolobheni ahlakaniphile. Ukuze uqonde le mboni, kubalulekile ukufunda ukuthi insimbi yenziwa kanjani ngezinto zayo zokusetshenziswa: i-iron ore.

2. Kuyini i-Iron Ore?

I-iron ore iyidwala elivela ngokwemvelo eliqukethe amaminerali ensimbi, ikakhulukazi ama-oxide afana ne-hematite (Fe2O3), i-magnetite (Fe3O4), kanye ne-limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O). Lawa ma-ore ambiwa ngamadiphozithi atholakala emazweni afana ne-Australia, iBrazil, iShayina, iNdiya, kanye neRussia, ahlinzeka ngeningi lensimbi emhlabeni.

Ikhwalithi yensimbi inqunywa okuqukethwe kwayo kwensimbi. Ama-ore asezingeni eliphezulu aqukethe insimbi engaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60, kuyilapho ama-ore asezingeni eliphansi adinga izinqubo zokuthuthukisa ukuze kwandiswe ukugcwala kwawo kwensimbi ngaphambi kokuba asetshenziselwe ukwenza insimbi.

3. Ukusuka Ensimbini Embi Kuya Ensimbini: Isithando Somlilo Esiqhumayo

Isinyathelo sokuqala esikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi ukuguqulwa kwe-iron ore ibe yi-iron encibilikisiwe. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa esithandweni somlilo, isakhiwo esikhulu esime mpo esifakwe izitini eziqinile ezingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukulungiswa Kwezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Insimbi eningiiyachotshozwa futhi ixutshwe ukuze kutholakale ikhwalithi efanayo.

• I-Coke, eyenziwe ngamalahle ashisayo lapho kungekho umoya-mpilo, isebenza njengophethiloli kanye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa.

• Itshe le-Limenoma i-dolomite ingezwa njengoketshezi lokususa ukungcola okufana ne-silica, i-sulfur, ne-phosphorus.

Isinyathelo 2: Ukushaja Isithando Somlilo

Izendlalelo zensimbi, i-coke, kanye ne-limestone zifakwa phezulu kwesithando somlilo. Umoya oshisayo upheshulwa phansi ngama-nozzles abizwa ngokuthi ama-tuyeres.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali

Ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo, kwenzeka ukusabela okuningana okuyinkimbinkimbi:

• Ukusha kwe-coke kwakha i-carbon monoxide (CO), okunciphisa ama-iron oxide abe yi-iron encibilikisiwe.

• Ukungcola kuhlangana ne-limestone ukuze kwakheke i-slag, into elula entanta phezu kwensimbi encibilikisiwe.

• Insimbi encibilikisiwe, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi insimbi yengulube, iqoqana phansi kwesithando somlilo.

Le nsimbi yengulube ngokuvamile iqukethe cishe amaphesenti angu-4 ekhabhoni kanye nokunye ukungcola, okwenza iqhekeke futhi ingafanele ukusetshenziswa okuningi. Kumelwe icwengisiswe ibe yinsimbi.

4. Ukucwenga Insimbi Yengulube Ibe Yinsimbi

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekwenzeni insimbi sihilela ukunciphisa okuqukethwe yikhabhoni nokususa ukungcola ensimbini yengulube. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

A. Isithando Somoya-mpilo Esiyisisekelo (BOF)

• Insimbi yengulube encibilikisiwe evela esithandweni somlilo ithululelwa esithandweni somoya-mpilo esiyisisekelo.

• I-oxygen emsulwa ishaywa ngensimbi encibilikisiwe ngomfutho ophezulu, okwenza i-carbon kanye nokunye ukungcola kube oxidi.

• Lokhu kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kube ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili, okudala insimbi.

Indlela ye-BOF ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70 okukhiqizwa kwensimbi emhlabeni jikelele.

B. Isithando Somlilo Se-Electric Arc (EAF)

• Enqubweni ye-EAF, izingcezu zensimbi ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nensimbi encishisiwe eqondile (i-DRI) ngezinye izikhathi ziyancibilikiswa kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi.

• I-carbon, i-sulfur, nokunye ukungcola kulungiswa kusetshenziswa ama-flux kanye nezithasiselo.

• Indlela ye-EAF iyaguquguquka, iyasimama, futhi ithandwa kakhulu ngoba incike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwezinto ezilahliwe.

5. Ukucwengisisa Nokuhlanganisa Okwesibili

Ngemva kwesinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza insimbi, insimbi ivame ukucwengwa kabanzi ezitsheni ze-ladle. Ukucwengwa kwesibili kuvumela ukulawulwa okunembile kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukususwa kwamagesi ancibilikisiwe njenge-hydrogen ne-nitrogen, kanye nokulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa.

Izakhi zokuhlanganisa ziyangezwa kulesi sigaba ukuze zinikeze izakhiwo ezithile:

• I-Chromiumukumelana nokugqwala (insimbi engagqwali).

• I-Nickelngenxa yokuqina namandla.

• I-Manganesengenxa yokuqina nokumelana nokuguguleka.

• I-Molybdenumngamandla okushisa aphezulu.

Lesi sinyathelo sivumela abakhiqizi abanjengo-sakysteel ukuthi bakhiqize amazinga akhethekile ensimbi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zezimboni ezifuna kakhulu.

6. Ukubumba Insimbi

Uma insimbi isicwengisisiwe, kumele iqine ibe yizimo ezisebenzisekayo. Indlela evame kakhulu yileukuphonsa okuqhubekayo, lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe igeleza ibe yisikhunta esipholile emanzini bese iqina ibe yizimo eziqediwe kancane njengezinduku, izimbali, noma ama-slab.

• Ama-Billetszisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo emide njengemigoqo, izinduku, kanye nocingo.

• Izimbalizicutshungulwa zibe yizimo zesakhiwo njenge-I-beams.

• Ama-Slabszigoqwa zibe amashidi, amapuleti, kanye nama-coil.

Ukuphonswa okuqhubekayo kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kunciphisa imfucuza, futhi kuqinisekisa imikhiqizo yensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu.

7. Ukugingqa Nokuqeda

Insimbi eqediwe kancane idlula ekushiseni nasekugingqikeni okubandayo ukuze kufinyelelwe ukujiya kokugcina kanye nekhwalithi yobuso edingwa amakhasimende.

• Ukugingqika okushisayoibumba insimbi ngenkathi ingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa layo lokuphinda isetshenziswe, okwenza kube lula ukwakheka ibe amapuleti, amakhoyili, noma amaphrofayili.

• Ukugoqa okubandayoKwenzeka ekushiseni kwegumbi, okuthuthukisa ukuqeda kobuso, amandla, kanye nokunemba kobukhulu.

Ngemva kokugingqa, insimbi ingabhekana nalokhu:

• Ukufakwa kwe-Annealingukuze kube nokuguquguquka okuthuthukisiwe.

• Ukuhlanganisa nge-galvanizingukuvikela ukugqwala.

• Ukwelashwa kwendawoukuze kubonakale kangcono futhi kumelane nokumelana.

Umphumela uba uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo yensimbi elungele ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi.

8. Izinto Ezicatshangelwayo Emvelweni Ekwenzeni Insimbi

Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kudinga amandla amaningi futhi ngokwesiko kuhlotshaniswa nokukhishwa okukhulu kwe-carbon dioxide. Kodwa-ke, imboni yenza intuthuko enkulu ekuzinzeni ngokusebenzisa:

• Ukuvuselela kabushaInsimbi iyinto esetshenziswa kabusha kakhulu emhlabeni, ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kabusha esingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-85.

• Izithando Zomlilo Ze-Arc ZikagesiAma-EAF anciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha asetshenziswa kudala ngokusebenzisa ugesi kanye nensimbi eqoshiwe.

• Ubuchwepheshe Bokubamba IkhabhoniAmaphrojekthi okuhlola ahlose ukubamba nokugcina i-CO2 evela ezithandweni zokuqhuma.

• Ukunciphisa i-Hydrogen: Abanye abenzi bensimbi bahlola i-hydrogen esikhundleni se-coke njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

Ukwenza insimbi okusimeme kubalulekile ekufezeni imigomo yesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nesidingo esikhulayo sale nto ebalulekile.

9. Abaholi Bomhlaba Wonke Ekukhiqizweni Kwensimbi

Amazwe afana neShayina, iNdiya, iJapani, neNingizimu Korea alawula umkhiqizo wensimbi emhlabeni jikelele. Izinkampani ezifana ne-ArcelorMittal, i-Nippon Steel, i-Baosteel, ne-Tata Steel ziphakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu emhlabeni.

Abahlinzeki bathandai-sakysteelgxila ekuletheni imikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ye-alloy, kanye nensimbi yekhabhoni esezingeni eliphezulu kumakhasimende aphesheya kwezilwandle kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, naseLatin America, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhasimende athola izinto ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zemboni.

10. Ukusetshenziswa Kwensimbi

Ukuguquguquka kwensimbi kwenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi:

• Ukwakhiwa: Imigoqo yokuqinisa, imishayo, kanye nensimbi yesakhiwo.

• Izimoto: Amaphaneli omzimba, izingxenye zenjini, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha.

• Amandla: Amapayipi, ama-wind turbine, kanye namapulatifomu asogwini lolwandle.

• Izindiza: Izinsimbi ze-alloy ezinamandla aphezulu zezakhiwo zezindiza.

• Ezokwelapha: Amathuluzi okuhlinza kanye nemishini yesibhedlela.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwensimbi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izohlala iyinto eyisisekelo esikhathini esizayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuguqulwa kwensimbi ibe yinsimbi kungenye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu embonini yanamuhla. Kusukela ekumbeni amaminerali emvelo, ukudlula esithandweni somlilo, ukucwengisisa, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokubumba, inqubo iletha izinto eziqinile neziguquguqukayo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka kube sezingeni lokusimama, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa ezakhiweni eziphakeme, ezimotweni, noma ezinhlelweni zamandla, insimbi isalokhu iyinsika yentuthuko yezimboni kanye nentuthuko yabantu.

Kumamboni afuna ukuthola imikhiqizo yensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu enezindinganiso eziqinisekisiwe, izinkampani ezifana ne-sakysteel zinikeza ubuchwepheshe, ukuthembeka, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okudingekayo ukusekela amaphrojekthi abalulekile emhlabeni jikelele.