Gawo Lopanda Pang'ono
Kufotokozera Kwachidule:
Gawo la square hollow section (SHS) limatanthauza mtundu wa chitsulo chomwe chili ndi square cross-section ndipo chili ndi pulasitiki mkati mwake. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani omanga ndi opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake komanso kukongola kwake.
Gawo la Kapangidwe ka Dzenje:
Gawo lopanda kanthu limatanthauza mbiri yachitsulo yokhala ndi pakati lopanda kanthu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana a kapangidwe ndi uinjiniya. Mawu akuti "gawo lopanda kanthu" ndi gulu lalikulu lomwe limaphatikizapo mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo sikweya, amakona anayi, ozungulira, ndi mawonekedwe ena opangidwa mwapadera. Magawo awa adapangidwa kuti apereke mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake pomwe nthawi zambiri amachepetsa kulemera. Magawo opanda kanthu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zitsulo monga chitsulo, aluminiyamu, kapena zitsulo zina. Kusankha kwa zinthu kumadalira zinthu monga zofunikira pa mphamvu, kukana dzimbiri, ndi momwe ntchitoyo ikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
Mafotokozedwe a gawo lachitsulo lopanda kanthu:
| Giredi | 302,304,316,430 |
| Muyezo | ASTM A312, ASTM A213 |
| pamwamba | zophikidwa zotentha, zopukutidwa |
| Ukadaulo | Yotenthedwa, Yowongoleredwa, Yozizira Yokokedwa |
| Kutuluka m'mimba mwake | 1/8″~32″,6mm~830mm |
| Mtundu | Gawo Lopanda Chingwe (SHS), Gawo Lopanda Chingwe Lozungulira (RHS), Gawo Lopanda Chingwe Lozungulira (CHS) |
| Zinthu Zosaphika | POSCO, Baosteel, TISCO, Saky Steel, Outokumpu |
Magawo a gawo lopanda kanthu:
Gawo Lopanda Chingwe (SHS):
Gawo la Square Hollow (SHS) ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo okhala ndi gawo lalikulu komanso mkati mwake muli dzenje. Popeza imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ndi kupanga, SHS imapereka zabwino monga kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu, kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake, komanso kusavuta kupanga. Mawonekedwe ake oyera komanso kukula kwake kosiyanasiyana zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera mafelemu omangira, nyumba zothandizira, makina, ndi ntchito zina. SHS nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zipangizo monga chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu, imatsatira miyezo yamakampani, ndipo imatha kuchiritsidwa ndi dzimbiri.
Gawo la Square Hollow (SHS) MUKULI/MAKAYIKO TEbulo:
| Kukula mm | makilogalamu/m | Kukula mm | makilogalamu/m |
| 20 x 20 x 2.0 | 1.12 | 20 x 20 x 2.5 | 1.35 |
| 25 x 25 x 1.5 | 1.06 | 25 x 25 x 2.0 | 1.43 |
| 25 X 25 X 2.5 | 1.74 | 25 X 25 X 3.0 | 2.04 |
| 30 X 30 X 2.0 | 1.68 | 30 X 30 X 2.5 | 2.14 |
| 30 X 30 X 3.0 | 2.51 | 40 x 40 x 1.5 | 1.81 |
| 40 x 40 x 2.0 | 2.31 | 40 x 40 x 2.5 | 2.92 |
| 40 x 40 x 3.0 | 3.45 | 40 x 40 x 4.0 | 4.46 |
| 40 x 40 x 5.0 | 5.40 | 50 x 50 x 1.5 | 2.28 |
| 50 x 50 x 2.0 | 2.93 | 50 x 50 x 2.5 | 3.71 |
| 50 x 50 x 3.0 | 4.39 | 50 x 50 x 4.0 | 5.72 |
| 50 x 50 x 5.0 | 6.97 | 60 x 60 x 3.0 | 5.34 |
| 60 x 60 x 4.0 | 6.97 | 60 x 60 x 5.0 | 8.54 |
| 60 x 60 x 6.0 | 9.45 | 70 x 70 x 3.0 | 6.28 |
| 70 x 70 x 3.6 | 7.46 | 70 x 70 x 5.0 | 10.11 |
| 70 x 70 x 6.3 | 12.50 | 70 x 70 x 8 | 15.30 |
| 75 x 75 x 3.0 | 7.07 | 80 x 80 x 3.0 | 7.22 |
| 80 x 80 x 3.6 | 8.59 | 80 x 80 x 5.0 | 11.70 |
| 80 x 80 x 6.0 | 13.90 | 90 x 90 x 3.0 | 8.01 |
| 90 x 90 x 3.6 | 9.72 | 90 x 90 x 5.0 | 13.30 |
| 90 x 90 x 6.0 | 15.76 | 90 x 90 x 8.0 | 20.40 |
| 100 x 100 x 3.0 | 8.96 | 100 x 100 x 4.0 | 12.00 |
| 100 x 100 x 5.0 | 14.80 | 100 x 100 x 5.0 | 14.80 |
| 100 x 100 x 6.0 | 16.19 | 100 x 100 x 8.0 | 22.90 |
| 100 x 100 x 10 | 27.90 | 120 x 120 x 5 | 18.00 |
| 120 x 120 x 6.0 | 21.30 | 120 X 120 X 6.3 | 22.30 |
| 120 x 120 x 8.0 | 27.90 | 120 x 120 x 10 | 34.20 |
| 120 X 120 X 12 | 35.8 | 120 X 120 X 12.5 | 41.60 |
| 140 X 140 X 5.0 | 21.10 | 140 X 140 X 6.3 | 26.30 |
| 140 X 140 X 8 | 32.90 | 140 X 140 X 10 | 40.40 |
| 140 X 140 X 12.5 | 49.50 | 150 X 150 X 5.0 | 22.70 |
| 150 X 150 X 6.3 | 28.30 | 150 X 150 X 8.0 | 35.40 |
| 150 X 150 X 10 | 43.60 | 150 X 150 X 12.5 | 53.40 |
| 150 X 150 X 16 | 66.40 | 150 X 150 X 16 | 66.40 |
| 180 X 180 X 5 | 27.40 | 180 X 180 X 6.3 | 34.20 |
| 180 X 180 X 8 | 43.00 | 180 X 180 X 10 | 53.00 |
| 180 X 180 X 12.5 | 65.20 | 180 X 180 X 16 | 81.40 |
| 200 X 200 X 5 | 30.50 | 200 X 200 X 6 | 35.8 |
| 200 x 200 x 6.3 | 38.2 | 200 x 200 x 8 | 48.00 |
| 200 x 200 x 10 | 59.30 | 200 x 200 x 12.5 | 73.00 |
| 200 x 200 x 16 | 91.50 | 250 x 250 x 6.3 | 48.10 |
| 250 x 250 x 8 | 60.50 | 250 x 250 x 10 | 75.00 |
| 250 x 250 x 12.5 | 92.60 | 250 x 250 x 16 | 117.00 |
| 300 x 300 x 6.3 | 57.90 | 300 x 300 x 8 | 73.10 |
| 300 x 300 x 10 | 57.90 | 300 x 300 x 8 | 90.70 |
| 300 x 300 x 12.5 | 112.00 | 300 x 300 x 16 | 142.00 |
| 350 x 350 x 8 | 85.70 | 350 x 350 x 10 | 106.00 |
| 350 x 350 x 12.5 | 132.00 | 350 x 350 x 16 | 167.00 |
| 400 x 400 x 10 | 122.00 | 400 x 400 x 12 | 141.00 |
| 400 x 400 x 12.5mm | 152.00 | 400 x 400 x 16 | 192 |
Gawo Lopanda Khomo Lozungulira (RHS):
Gawo Lokhala ndi Khoma Lozungulira (RHS) ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo omwe amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake amakona anayi komanso mkati mwake mopanda kanthu. RHS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kogwira ntchito komanso kusinthasintha. Mtundu uwu umapereka mphamvu komanso kuchepetsa kulemera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito mosiyanasiyana monga mafelemu omangira, zomangamanga zothandizira, ndi zida zamakina. Mofanana ndi Magawo Okhala ndi Khoma Lozungulira (SHS), RHS nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zipangizo monga chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu ndipo imatsatira miyezo yamakampani pakukula ndi zofunikira. Mawonekedwe ake amakona anayi ndi kukula kwake kosiyanasiyana zimapereka kusinthasintha pokwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake zaukadaulo.
Gawo la dzenje lozungulira (RHS) MUKULI/MAKAYIKO TEbulo:
| Kukula mm | makilogalamu/m | Kukula mm | makilogalamu/m |
| 40 x 20 x 2.0 | 1.68 | 40 x 20 x 2.5 | 2.03 |
| 40 x 20 x 3.0 | 2.36 | 40 x 25 x 1.5 | 1.44 |
| 40 x 25 x 2.0 | 1.89 | 40 x 25 x 2.5 | 2.23 |
| 50 x 25 x 2.0 | 2.21 | 50 x 25 x 2.5 | 2.72 |
| 50 x 25 x 3.0 | 3.22 | 50 x 30 x 2.5 | 2.92 |
| 50 x 30 x 3.0 | 3.45 | 50 x 30 x 4.0 | 4.46 |
| 50 x 40 x 3.0 | 3.77 | 60 x 40 x 2.0 | 2.93 |
| 60 x 40 x 2.5 | 3.71 | 60 x 40 x 3.0 | 4.39 |
| 60 x 40 x 4.0 | 5.72 | 70 x 50 x 2 | 3.56 |
| 70 x 50 x 2.5 | 4.39 | 70 x 50 x 3.0 | 5.19 |
| 70 x 50 x 4.0 | 6.71 | 80 x 40 x 2.5 | 4.26 |
| 80 x 40 x 3.0 | 5.34 | 80 x 40 x 4.0 | 6.97 |
| 80 x 40 x 5.0 | 8.54 | 80 x 50 x 3.0 | 5.66 |
| 80 x 50 x 4.0 | 7.34 | 90 x 50 x 3.0 | 6.28 |
| 90 x 50 x 3.6 | 7.46 | 90 x 50 x 5.0 | 10.11 |
| 100 x 50 x 2.5 | 5.63 | 100 x 50 x 3.0 | 6.75 |
| 100 x 50 x 4.0 | 8.86 | 100 x 50 x 5.0 | 10.90 |
| 100 x 60 x 3.0 | 7.22 | 100 x 60 x 3.6 | 8.59 |
| 100 x 60 x 5.0 | 11.70 | 120 x 80 x 2.5 | 7.65 |
| 120 x 80 x 3.0 | 9.03 | 120 x 80 x 4.0 | 12.00 |
| 120 x 80 x 5.0 | 14.80 | 120 x 80 x 6.0 | 17.60 |
| 120 x 80 x 8.0 | 22.9 | 150 x 100 x 5.0 | 18.70 |
| 150 x 100 x 6.0 | 22.30 | 150 x 100 x 8.0 | 29.10 |
| 150 x 100 x 10.0 | 35.70 | 160 x 80 x 5.0 | 18.00 |
| 160 x 80 x 6.0 | 21.30 | 160 x 80 x 5.0 | 27.90 |
| 200 x 100 x 5.0 | 22.70 | 200 x 100 x 6.0 | 27.00 |
| 200 x 100 x 8.0 | 35.4 | 200 x 100 x 10.0 | 43.60 |
| 250 x 150 x 5.0 | 30.5 | 250 x 150 x 6.0 | 38.2 |
| 250 x 150 x 8.0 | 48.0 | 250 x 150 x 10 | 59.3 |
| 300 x 200 x 6.0 | 48.10 | 300 x 200 x 8.0 | 60.50 |
| 300 x 200 x 10.0 | 75.00 | 400 x 200 x 8.0 | 73.10 |
| 400 x 200 x 10.0 | 90.70 | 400 x 200 x 16 | 142.00 |
Zigawo Zozungulira Zopanda Mpata (CHS):
Gawo Lozungulira Lokhala ndi Mphepo (CHS) ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo omwe amadziwika ndi mkati mwake wozungulira komanso mkati mwake mozungulira. CHS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zomanga ndi uinjiniya, zomwe zimapereka zabwino monga kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake, kulimba kwa torsional, komanso kusavuta kupanga. Mawonekedwewa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zomwe mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi abwino, monga m'mizere, mitengo, kapena zinthu zomwe zimafuna kugawa katundu wofanana.
GAWO LA RCircular Hollow Section (CHS) MUKULI/MAKAYIKO TEBULE:
| Kuboola mwadzina mm | Kunja kwa m'mimba mwake mm | Makulidwe mm | Kulemera makilogalamu/m |
| 15 | 21.3 | 2.00 | 0.95 |
| 2.60 | 1.21 | ||
| 3.20 | 1.44 | ||
| 20 | 26.9 | 2.30 | 1.38 |
| 2.60 | 1.56 | ||
| 3.20 | 1.87 | ||
| 25 | 33.7 | 2.60 | 1.98 |
| 3.20 | 0.24 | ||
| 4.00 | 2.93 | ||
| 32 | 42.4 | 2.60 | 2.54 |
| 3.20 | 3.01 | ||
| 4.00 | 3.79 | ||
| 40 | 48.3 | 2.90 | 3.23 |
| 3.20 | 3.56 | ||
| 4.00 | 4.37 | ||
| 50 | 60.3 | 2.90 | 4.08 |
| 3.60 | 5.03 | ||
| 5.00 | 6.19 | ||
| 65 | 76.1 | 3.20 | 5.71 |
| 3.60 | 6.42 | ||
| 4.50 | 7.93 | ||
| 80 | 88.9 | 3.20 | 6.72 |
| 4.00 | 8.36 | ||
| 4.80 | 9.90 | ||
| 100 | 114.3 | 3.60 | 9.75 |
| 4.50 | 12.20 | ||
| 5.40 | 14.50 | ||
| 125 | 139.7 | 4.50 | 15.00 |
| 4.80 | 15.90 | ||
| 5.40 | 17.90 | ||
| 150 | 165.1 | 4.50 | 17.80 |
| 4.80 | 18.90 | ||
| 5.40 | 21.30 | ||
| 150 | 168.3 | 5.00 | 20.1 |
| 6.3 | 25.2 | ||
| 8.00 | 31.6 | ||
| 10.00 | 39 | ||
| 12.5 | 48 | ||
| 200 | 219.1 | 4.80 | 25.38 |
| 6.00 | 31.51 | ||
| 8.00 | 41.67 | ||
| 10.00 | 51.59 | ||
| 250 | 273 | 6.00 | 39.51 |
| 8.00 | 52.30 | ||
| 10.00 | 64.59 | ||
| 300 | 323.9 | 6.30 | 49.36 |
| 8.00 | 62.35 | ||
| 10.00 | 77.44 |
Makhalidwe ndi Ubwino:
•Kapangidwe ka zigawo zopanda kanthu kamalola kuti zikhale zolimba komanso zochepetsera kulemera. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola zigawo zopanda kanthu kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri zikanyamula katundu, zoyenera ntchito zomwe kuganizira kulemera ndikofunikira.
•Magawo opanda kanthu, mwa kupanga mabowo mkati mwa gawo lopingasa, angagwiritse ntchito bwino zipangizozo ndikuchepetsa kulemera kosafunikira. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira zinthuzo pamene akusunga mphamvu zokwanira zomangira.
•Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo otsekedwa, zigawo zopanda kanthu zimakhala ndi kulimba kwabwino kwambiri komanso kupindika. Kapangidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti magwiridwe antchito ake ndi okhazikika pamene akukumana ndi katundu wopindika kapena kupindika.
•Zigawo zopanda kanthu zimatha kupangidwa kudzera mu njira monga kudula ndi kuwotcherera, ndipo n'zosavuta kuzilumikiza. Njira yosavuta yopangira ndi kulumikizayi imathandiza kuti ntchito yomanga ndi kupanga ikhale yosavuta, komanso kuti ntchito ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino.
•Zigawo zopanda kanthu sizimangokhala ndi mawonekedwe a sikweya, amakona anayi, ndi ozungulira komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana opangidwa mwamakonda kutengera zosowa zinazake. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zigawo zopanda kanthu zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga ukadaulo ndi kupanga.
•Zigawo zopanda kanthu nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo monga chitsulo, aluminiyamu, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloys. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumalola zigawo zopanda kanthu kukwaniritsa zofunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya.
Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala Gawo lopanda kanthu lopangidwa ndi ozizira:
| Giredi | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo |
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 16-18.0 | 6.0-8.0 | - |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 17-19 | 8.0-10.0 | - |
| 304 | 0.15 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 18.0-20.0 | 8.0-10.5 | - |
| 304L | 0.030 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 18-20.0 | 9-13.5 | - |
| 316 | 0.045 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 10-18.0 | 10-14.0 | 2.0-3.0 |
| 316L | 0.030 | 2.0 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 1.0 | 16-18.0 | 12-15.0 | 2.0-3.0 |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.0 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.75 | 16-18.0 | 0.60 | - |
Kapangidwe ka makina:
| Giredi | Mphamvu Yokoka ksi[MPa] | Yiled Strengtu ksi[MPa] |
| 304 | 75[515] | 30[205] |
| 304L | 70[485] | 25[170] |
| 316 | 75[515] | 30[205] |
| 316L | 70[485] | 25[170] |
Buku Lofunsa Mafunso Okhudza Gawo Lopanda Mphepete:
Chifukwa Chiyani Sankhani Ife?
•Mukhoza kupeza zinthu zabwino kwambiri malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna pamtengo wotsika kwambiri.
•Timaperekanso mitengo yotumizira katundu (Reworks, FOB, CFR, CIF, ndi yotsika mtengo). Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugule katundu woti mutumize katunduyo, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa.
•Zipangizo zomwe timapereka ndi zotsimikizika kwathunthu, kuyambira pa satifiketi yoyesera zinthu zopangira mpaka chiganizo chomaliza. (Malipoti adzawonetsedwa pakufunika)
•Tikutsimikizira kuti tipereka yankho mkati mwa maola 24 (nthawi zambiri mu ola lomwelo)
•Perekani lipoti la SGS TUV.
•Tadzipereka kwathunthu kwa makasitomala athu. Ngati sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zofunikira zanu mutafufuza njira zonse, sitidzakusokeretsani polonjeza zinthu zabodza zomwe zingapangitse ubale wabwino ndi makasitomala.
•Perekani chithandizo chokhazikika.
gawo lopanda kanthu ndi chiyani?
Gawo lopanda kanthu limatanthauza mbiri yachitsulo yokhala ndi mkati mwake mopanda kanthu, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati sikweya, amakona anayi, ozungulira, kapena mapangidwe apadera. Kawirikawiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo, aluminiyamu, kapena alloys, magawo opanda kanthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ndi kupanga. Amapereka mphamvu ndi kulemera kochepa, kugawa bwino zinthu, komanso kusinthasintha kwa ntchito monga mafelemu omangira, zida zamakina, ndi zina zambiri. Magawo opanda kanthu amatha kusinthidwa, kupangidwa mosavuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafanana kutengera miyeso ndi zofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ofunikira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya ndi zomangamanga.
Kodi machubu opanda kanthu okhala ndi gawo lozungulira ndi chiyani?
Machubu opanda kanthu okhala ndi gawo lozungulira, lomwe nthawi zambiri limadziwika kuti magawo opanda kanthu ozungulira (CHS), ndi nyumba zozungulira zokhala ndi mkati wopanda kanthu. Machubu amenewa, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zipangizo monga chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndi kupanga. Mawonekedwe awo ozungulira amapereka kufalikira kofanana kwa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga mizati, mitengo, ndi zothandizira kapangidwe kake. Machubu ozungulira amapereka kulimba kwabwino kozungulira komanso kopindika, amapangidwa mosavuta kudzera mu kudula ndi kuwotcherera, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsatira miyeso yokhazikika kuti agwirizane komanso azigwirizana. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha komanso kusinthasintha, machubu awa amachita gawo lofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomangamanga ndi makina.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa gawo lopanda kanthu ndi chitsulo cha I ndi kotani?
Zigawo zopanda kanthu ndi ma profiles achitsulo okhala ndi mkati mwake wopanda kanthu, omwe amapezeka m'mawonekedwe ngati sikweya, amakona anayi, kapena ozungulira, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ndi kupanga. Amapeza mphamvu kuchokera m'mphepete mwakunja kwa gawolo.Miyendo ya IKumbali inayi, ili ndi gawo looneka ngati I lokhala ndi flange yolimba komanso ukonde. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga, ma I-beams amagawa kulemera mozungulira kutalika kwa kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu mkati mwake. Kusankha pakati pawo kumadalira zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake komanso zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pa kapangidwe kake.
Makasitomala Athu
Ndemanga Zochokera kwa Makasitomala Athu
Zigawo zopanda kanthu nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo monga chitsulo, aluminiyamu, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloys. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumalola zigawo zopanda kanthu kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe a zinthu zofunika pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya. Mawonekedwe a geometry a zigawo zopanda kanthu nthawi zambiri amakhala okongola kwambiri kuposa zigawo zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera mapulojekiti omwe mapangidwe ndi kukongola ndizofunikira. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bwino zipangizo, zigawo zopanda kanthu zimatha kuchepetsa kuwononga zinthu, mogwirizana ndi njira zosamalira chilengedwe.
Kulongedza:
1. Kulongedza katundu ndikofunikira kwambiri makamaka pankhani yotumiza katundu kunja kwa dziko komwe katundu amadutsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti akafike komwe akupita, choncho timaika chidwi chathu chachikulu pa kulongedza katundu.
2. Saky Steel amanyamula katundu wathu m'njira zosiyanasiyana kutengera zinthuzo. Timanyamula katundu wathu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga,
