Zipangizo Zosapanga Zitsulo Zopangira Valve ndi Zopangira Pampu

Chiyambi

Zipangizo zosapanga dzimbiri zopangira ma valve ndi zida za pampuAmasankhidwa pamene ogula akufunikira kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu ya makina, kuthekera kwa makina, kukana kutopa, kulimba kwa kuthamanga ndi moyo wautali wa ntchito mu zida zowongolera madzi. Zinthu zodziwika bwino zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma valve ndi mapampu ndi monga bar yozungulira, bar yopangidwa, mbale, chitoliro, chubu, waya, shaft stock, zinthu zomangira, ma flange, zolumikizira ndi malo obisika opangidwa ndi makina.

Opanga ma valve ndi ma pump amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pa ma valve, ma stems, mipira, ma disc, mipando, ma shaft, ma impeller, ma hand hand a pump, ma fasteners, ma spring, ma gasket, ma connectors, ma housings ndi ma sealing components. Zipangizo zoyenera ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi sing'anga, kuthamanga, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa chloride, momwe zimakhalira, momwe makina amagwirira ntchito, zofunikira pakuwotcherera, kuuma, mtundu wa satifiketi ndi kuchuluka kwa zowunikira.

Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito Valve ndi Zigawo za Pampu

Mavavu ndi mapampu amagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo madzi, nthunzi, mafuta, gasi, mankhwala, asidi, madzi a m'nyanja, chakudya ndi madzi othamanga kwambiri. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, thupi la vavu limafunika kulimba kwa kupanikizika ndi kukana dzimbiri, pomwe tsinde kapena shaft ingafunike mphamvu, kulunjika komanso kukana kuwonongeka.

Chigawo	Fomu Yogulitsa Yosapanga Dzimbiri Yodziwika	Zofunikira pa Nkhani Yofunika Kwambiri
Thupi la Valve ndi Bonnet	Mbale, bala lopangidwa, chitoliro, flange, kuponyera kapena chopanda kanthu chopangidwa ndi makina	Kukana kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kukana dzimbiri, kusinthasintha kwa madzi ndi kutsata satifiketi.
Tsinde la Valavu	Mzere wozungulira, mzere wozungulira, shaft stock ndi mzere wopangidwa	Kuwongoka, mphamvu, kutha kwa pamwamba, kuuma ndi kukana kuvala.
Mpira wa Vavu / Chimbale / Mpando	Mpiringidzo wozungulira, mbale, chopanda kanthu chopangidwa ndi makina opangidwa molondola	Kutha kugwira ntchito ndi makina, kupukuta pamwamba, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kutseka ndi kukana dzimbiri.
Kupompa Shaft	Mzere wozungulira, mzere wodulidwa, mzere wopindika, mzere wophwanyika ndi mzere wopangidwa	Mphamvu yayikulu, kulunjika, kukhazikika, kukana kutopa komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Impeller ndi Pump Sleeve	Mbale, bala, katundu wopanda kanthu wopangidwa ndi makina	Kukana dzimbiri, kukana kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kulinganiza bwino komanso kukhazikika kwa makina.
Zomangira ndi Masipu	Mpiringidzo wozungulira, waya, waya wa kasupe ndi katundu womangirira	Mphamvu, kuuma, kusinthasintha, kukana dzimbiri ndi kuwongolera mawonekedwe.

Ubwino wa Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri pa Ma Valves ndi Ma Pampu

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma valve ndi mapampu chifukwa chimapereka mgwirizano pakati pa kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu ya makina, kuthekera kwa makina, ukhondo, ubwino wa pamwamba ndi kupezeka kwake. Mabanja osiyanasiyana achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amatha kusankhidwa malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana.

•Kukana dzimbiri:yoyenera madzi, nthunzi, mankhwala, madzi a m'nyanja ndi zinthu zambiri zogwirira ntchito ngati kalasi yoyenera yasankhidwa.

•Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina:Mipiringidzo yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi malo obisika opangidwa ndi makina amatha kupangidwa kukhala ma tsinde, mipiringidzo, mipira, ma disc ndi zida zopopera.

•Zosankha za mphamvu:martensitic, precipitation-hardening, duplex ndi super duplex grades zimapereka mphamvu zambiri pazigawo zodzaza.

•Kulamulira pamwamba pa mapeto:Mipiringidzo yozunguliridwa, yophwanyidwa ndi yopukutidwa imathandizira kutseka ndi kuzungulira zinthu.

•Kutha kupotoza:Magiredi a austenitic ndi duplex angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma valve ndi ma pump akonzedwa pamene njira zoyenera zowotcherera zikutsatiridwa.

•Kutsata:Zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zitha kuperekedwa ndi malipoti a MTC, PMI, UT, kuuma, kukhuthala ndi kuyang'anira mawonekedwe.

Magiredi Oyenera a Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri a Valve ndi Zigawo za Pump

Giredi	Mafomu Odziwika a Zamalonda	Kugwiritsa Ntchito Valavu/Pampu Kwachizolowezi	Chidziwitso Chosankha
304 / 304L	Mpiringidzo, mbale, chitoliro, waya, zolumikizira ndi zida zopangidwa ndi makina	Ma valve onse, ma pump housing, ma fittings ndi zinthu zina zosawononga kwambiri	Ndi yotsika mtengo pa ntchito zonse, koma si yoyenera pa malo okhala ndi chloride yambiri.
316 / 316L	Mpiringidzo wozungulira, chitoliro, chubu, mbale, waya, ma flange ndi zolumikizira	Mapampu a mankhwala, ma valve a m'madzi, mankhwala a madzi, zida zoyezera chakudya ndi njira zogwirira ntchito	Kukana kwa chloride bwino kuposa 304; imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma valve ndi mapampu.
321/347	Chitoliro, chubu, mbale, bala ndi misonkhano yolumikizidwa	Ma valve ndi zida zopopera kutentha kwambiri, fakitale yoyeretsera ndi ntchito ya petrochemical	Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zokhazikika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwotcha.
410/420	Bar, ndodo, waya, shaft stock ndi zida zopangidwa ndi makina	Ma tsinde a ma valavu, mivi, mipando, ma disc, zida zosweka ndi zinthu zolimba	Kulimba kwambiri kumatha kuchitika mutatentha; kukana dzimbiri kumakhala kotsika kuposa 316L.
431	Mzere wozungulira, shaft stock ndi zida zopangidwa ndi makina	Ma shaft a pampu, ma valvu, ma shaft am'madzi ndi ziwalo zolimba zozungulira	Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri kuposa 410 nthawi zambiri.
17-4PH / 630	Mipiringidzo, mipiringidzo yopangidwa, mbale ndi malo opangidwa mwaluso	Ma tsinde a ma valve amphamvu kwambiri, ma shaft, zomangira, zida za pampu ndi zigawo zolondola	Zinthu zotenthedwa ndi kutentha monga H900, H1025 ndi H1150 ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino.
2205 Duplex	Mipiringidzo, chitoliro, chubu, mbale, zolumikizira, ma flange ndi zolumikizira	Mankhwala, madzi a m'nyanja, gombe, ma valavu amphamvu kwambiri ndi zida zopopera	Kulimba bwino, kukana dzimbiri komanso mtengo wake.
2507 / S32760	Mpiringidzo, mbale, chitoliro, zolumikizira, ma flange ndi zida zopangidwa ndi makina	Madzi a m'nyanja, pansi pa nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi valavu ndi zida zopopera madzi a m'nyanja zoopsa	Mphamvu yapamwamba komanso kukana mabowo kuposa 2205 kuti ntchito ikhale yovuta kwambiri.

Kusankha Zinthu Kutengera Mtundu wa Chigawo

Mtundu wa Chigawo	Malangizo Ofanana a Giredi	Cheke Cha Wogula Wamkulu
Thupi la Vavu	304L, 316L, 321, 347, 2205, 2507	Kuyeza kuthamanga kwa mpweya, njira yopangira dzimbiri, kuwotcherera ndi kufunikira kwa NDT.
Tsinde la Valavu	410, 420, 431, 17-4PH, 316L, magiredi awiri	Mphamvu, kuuma, kulunjika, kutha pamwamba komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Mpira wa Vavu / Disc	316L, 420, 17-4PH, 2205, 2507	Kulondola kwa makina, kutseka pamwamba, kuuma ndi kusalala.
Kupompa Shaft	431, 17-4PH, 316L, 2205, 2507	Kuwongoka, mphamvu yokoka, kukana kutopa komanso kutha pansi.
Impeller	316L, 2205, 2507, 904L kapena giredi yodziwika ndi polojekiti	Kudzimbiritsa, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kulinganiza bwino, njira yopangira/kupangira zinthu komanso kukhazikika kwa makina.
Zomangira	304, 316, 17-4PH, 2205, 2507, A453 Gr.660	Mphamvu yokoka, ulusi wabwino, kuuma kwake ndi kutentha kwa ntchito.

Kusankha Fomu Yogulitsa: Mpiringidzo, Chitoliro, Mbale ndi Waya

Zigawo za valavu ndi pampu zingafunike mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri kutengera njira yopangira. Mpiringidzo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa shafts ndi tsinde zopangidwa ndi makina. Mbale imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyumba zopangidwa ndi zigawo. Chitoliro ndi chubu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panjira zoyendera ndi makina opanikizika. Waya umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa akasupe, mauna, zisindikizo ndi zigawo zazing'ono zopangidwa.

Fomu Yogulitsa	Kugwiritsa Ntchito Valavu/Pampu Kwachizolowezi	Kuyang'ana Kwambiri
Chitsulo Chozungulira Chosapanga Zitsulo	Zimayambira, mipata, mipira, ma disc, manja, zomangira ndi malo opukutidwa ndi makina	M'mimba mwake, kulolerana, kulunjika, pamwamba, UT, PMI ndi MTC.
Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chopanga	Zigawo zazikulu za ma valavu, ma shaft a pampu, manja olemera komanso zida zopondereza kwambiri	Chiŵerengero cha kupanga, kutentha, UT, katundu wa makina ndi gawo la makina.
Mbale Yopanda Chitsulo Chosapanga	Zipinda zopangidwa, zophimba, mbale zothandizira ndi zida zodulidwa mwamakonda	Kukhuthala, kusalala, pamwamba, kulekerera kudula, UT ndi kutsata satifiketi.
Chitoliro / Chubu cha Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri	Njira zoyendera madzi, kulumikizana kwa pampu, zowonjezera ma valve ndi makina opanikizika	OD, khoma, nthawi, mayeso a kuthamanga kwa magazi, NDT ndi ukhondo wamkati.
Waya Wopanda Zitsulo Zosapanga	Masipuleti, zida zosungira, mauna, zisindikizo, zosefera ndi zida zopangidwa	M'mimba mwake wa waya, mphamvu yokoka, momwe coil imakhalira, pamwamba ndi kutentha kwake.

Zofooka ndi Zoopsa Zosankha Zinthu

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino pa thupi la valavu sichingakhale choyenera kupompa shaft, mpira wotsekera kapena mpando wovala kwambiri. Ogula ayenera kuwonanso momwe gawo lililonse limagwirira ntchito komanso momwe limagwirira ntchito asanavomereze kusintha kwa zinthu.

• 304/304L ikhoza kukhala yosakwanira mu chloride, madzi a m'nyanja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera.

• 316L imalimbitsa kukana dzimbiri koma siingapereke mphamvu zokwanira kapena kuuma kwa tsinde ndi mipata.

• 410/420 ikhoza kulimba, koma kukana dzimbiri kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.

• Mphamvu ya 17-4PH imadalira kwambiri momwe kutentha kumakhalira, kotero H900, H1025 kapena H1150 ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino.

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Duplex ndi super duplex zimafuna kuwotcherera koyenera komanso kuwongolera kutentha.

• Ntchito yonyowa, kutentha kwambiri, madzi a m'nyanja ndi zinthu zonyamulira zingafunike kuunikiridwa mwapadera, kutsatira malamulo a NACE kapena zipangizo zapamwamba za aloyi.

Miyezo, Zikalata ndi Kuyang'anira

Zipangizo za valavu ndi pampu ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi zikalata zomveka bwino zodziwira ndi kuwunika. Zofunikira zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa chinthucho, mtundu wake, momwe chikugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zomwe kasitomala akufuna.

Chikalata / Mayeso	Zimene Zimatsimikizira	Nthawi Yofunsira
EN 10204 3.1 MTC	Giredi, nambala ya kutentha, chemistry, katundu wa makina, muyezo ndi kutsata	Akulimbikitsidwa kwambiri pa maoda ambiri a valavu ndi zinthu zopopera.
Lipoti la PMI	Kuzindikiritsa zinthu zabwino komanso kutsimikizira kwa alloy	Zothandiza potumiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Lipoti la UT	Kukhazikika kwa mkati mwa bala, bala lopangidwa kapena mbale	Pempho la mipata, malo opanda kanthu opangidwa, zida zopanikizika kwambiri komanso zazikulu.
Lipoti la Kuuma	Kusamalira kutentha ndi kuwongolera katundu wokhudzana ndi kusowa kwa madzi	Chofunika kwambiri pa zida za 410, 420, 431 ndi 17-4PH.
Lipoti Loyerekeza	M'mimba mwake, kutalika, makulidwe, kulolerana, kuwongoka ndi kugawa zinthu	Zothandiza pa shaft stock, precision bar ndi zida zodulidwa mpaka kukula.
Mayeso a PT / RT / Hydrostatic	Zolakwika pamwamba, khalidwe la weld kapena kulimba mtima kwa kupanikizika	Pempho la zinthu zolumikizidwa, zokhala ndi mphamvu kapena zopangidwa.

Momwe Mungatchulire Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira cha Valve ndi Zigawo za Pampu

RFQ yonse iyenera kufotokoza ntchito ya zinthu ndi gawo lake. Izi zimathandiza wogulitsa kupereka lingaliro loyenera la giredi, mawonekedwe a chinthucho, ndi phukusi lowunikira.

✅ Mtundu wa chinthu: thupi la valavu, tsinde, mpira, diski, mpando, shaft ya pampu, impeller, sleeve, fastener, spring kapena chopanda kanthu chopangidwa ndi makina.

✅ Giredi: 304L, 316L, 321, 347, 410, 420, 431, 17-4PH, 2205, 2507 kapena giredi yodziwika ndi polojekiti.

✅ Mtundu wa chinthu: chozungulira, chopangidwa ndi forged bar, mbale, chitoliro, chubu, waya, flange, cholumikizira kapena chodulidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake.

✅ Muyezo: ASTM, ASME, EN, DIN, JIS, NACE, zojambula za makasitomala kapena tsatanetsatane wa polojekiti.

✅ Kukula: m'mimba mwake, kutalika, makulidwe a khoma, makulidwe a mbale, m'mimba mwake wa waya, kulolerana ndi njira yopangira makina.

✅ Pamwamba: wakuda, wothira, wosenda, wopindidwa, wophwanyidwa, wopukutidwa, wopangidwa ndi makina kapena woteteza pamwamba.

✅ Mkhalidwe wa ntchito: madzi, nthunzi, mafuta, gasi, mankhwala, madzi a m'nyanja, asidi, kloridi, kutentha kwambiri kapena chonyamulira.

✅ Kuyesa: PMI, UT, PT, RT, kuuma, kukoka, kukhudza, mayeso a hydrostatic kapena kuyang'anira magawo.

✅ Satifiketi: EN 10204 3.1, 3.2, kuyang'anira kwa chipani chachitatu, chilengezo cha NACE kapena buku la deta ya polojekiti.

Zolakwa Zofala kwa Ogula

Kugwiritsa ntchito giredi imodzi pa gawo lililonse:Thupi la valavu, tsinde, mpando ndi chomangira zingafunike magiredi osiyanasiyana chifukwa ntchito zawo ndi zosiyana.

Kusankha 316L ya ma shaft ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:316L ili ndi kukana dzimbiri bwino koma siingapereke kulimba kapena mphamvu zokwanira pa ntchito zina za shaft ndi stem.

Palibe chithandizo chodziwikiratu kutentha kwa 17-4PH:Katundu wa 17-4PH amadalira momwe zinthu zilili monga H900, H1025 kapena H1150. Mkhalidwewo uyenera kulembedwa mu oda yogulira.

Kunyalanyaza kutha kwa pamwamba:Ma tsinde a ma valavu, ma shaft a pampu ndi malo otsekera angafunike malo ozunguliridwa, opukutidwa kapena opukutidwa.

Kuyiwala UT kapena PMI:Mipiringidzo yopangidwa molimba, mipiringidzo ndi katundu wosakanikirana ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zisawonongeke mkati kapena kusokonezeka kwa zinthu.

Kuyika magiredi awiri m'malo mwa magiredi awiri popanda kuwotcherera ndemanga:Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Duplex ndi super duplex zimafunika njira yoyenera yowotcherera ndi kuwongolera bwino ferrite.

Kuyerekeza mtengo popanda satifiketi:MTC, PMI, UT, kuuma, kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu ena komanso kulongedza zinthu mwapadera kungakhudze mtengo ndi nthawi yoperekera zinthu.

FAQ

Ndi chitsulo chiti chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za valve?

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma valve ndi 304L, 316L, 410, 420, 431, 17-4PH, 2205 ndi 2507. Kuchuluka kwabwino kumadalira ngati gawolo ndi thupi, tsinde, mpira, diski, mpando, chomangira kapena gawo lokhala ndi kupanikizika.

Ndi chitsulo chiti chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ma pump shaft?

Ma shaft a pampu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 431, 17-4PH, 316L, 2205 kapena 2507 kutengera mphamvu, kukana dzimbiri, kuwongoka, kuuma ndi zofunikira pa ntchito.

Kodi 316L ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma valve ndi zida za pampu?

316L ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma valve ndi mapampu ambiri mu ntchito za mankhwala, za m'madzi, zotsukira madzi komanso zoteteza dzimbiri. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chloride mopitirira muyeso, mwamphamvu kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri kapena koopsa kungafunike magiredi ena.

Kodi 17-4PH iyenera kusankhidwa liti?

17-4PH iyenera kusankhidwa pamene zida za valavu kapena pampu zikufunikira mphamvu zambiri, kuuma kolamulidwa, kukana dzimbiri bwino komanso mphamvu zamakina zotenthetsera kutentha. Mkhalidwe wofunikira, monga H900, H1025 kapena H1150, uyenera kufotokozedwa.

Kodi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha duplex chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito liti pa ma valve ndi mapampu?

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex monga 2205 chiyenera kuganiziridwa ngati pakufunika mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri kwa chloride kuposa momwe 316L ingathere. Ma Super duplex grades monga 2507 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi a m'nyanja kapena ntchito za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Ndi zikalata ziti zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi valavu yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zipangizo zopopera?

Zikalata wamba zimaphatikizapo EN 10204 3.1 MTC, kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe a makina, nambala ya kutentha, lipoti la miyeso, lipoti la PMI, lipoti la UT, lipoti la kuuma ndi lipoti loyang'anira la chipani chachitatu ngati pakufunika.

Kodi ogula ayenera kuphatikiza chiyani mu RFQ ya ma valve ndi zipangizo zopopera?

Ogula ayenera kuphatikizapo mtundu wa chinthu, giredi, muyezo, mawonekedwe a chinthu, kukula, kulekerera, kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba, njira yogwirira ntchito, kutentha, kuthamanga, zofunikira pakuyesa, mtundu wa satifiketi, kuchuluka ndi doko lopita.

Zogulitsa Zosapanga Zitsulo Zofanana

Zofanana	Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zogula
Chitsulo Chozungulira Chosapanga Zitsulo	Mzere wozungulira wa ma valvu, ma shaft a pampu, mipira, ma disc, manja, zomangira ndi malo obisika opangidwa ndi makina.
Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri	Chitoliro cholumikizira ma valve, makina opopera, mapaipi opopera ndi zida zogwirira ntchito.
Mbale Yopanda Chitsulo Chosapanga	Mbale ya zipinda zopangidwa, zida za ma valavu, zophimba pampu, mbale zothandizira ndi zida zodulidwira mwamakonda.
Waya Wopanda Zitsulo Zosapanga	Waya wa masipuri, mauna, zosindikizira, zosefera, zida zosungira ndi zida zopangira ma valavu kapena mapampu.
Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira Chachiwiri	Zipangizo ziwiri ndi ziwiri zazikulu zogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa valavu yamphamvu komanso yosagwira chloride.
Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri cha Mafuta ndi Gasi Buku Lotsogolera	Chitsogozo cha kusankha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, mapaipi ndi waya m'malo opangira mafuta ndi gasi.

Mapeto

Zipangizo zosapanga dzimbiri za valavu ndi zida zopopera ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi ntchito ya zigawo, njira yogwirira ntchito, mphamvu yofunikira, malo ozungulira dzimbiri, kumaliza pamwamba ndi malo owunikira. 304L ndi 316L nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonse zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, pomwe 410, 420, 431 ndi 17-4PH zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pakufunika kuuma kwambiri kapena mphamvu. Magiredi awiri ndi awiri (duplex) ndi awiri (super duplex grades) amasankhidwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito chloride, madzi a m'nyanja ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kuti zinthu zigulitsidwe modalirika, ogula ayenera kufotokoza mtundu, muyezo, mawonekedwe a chinthu, kukula kwake, kulekerera kwake, momwe zinthu zilili pamwamba pake, kutentha kwake, momwe zinthu zilili, zomwe zimafunika poyesa, komanso mtundu wa satifiketi. Mafotokozedwe omveka bwino amathandiza kupewa kusankha zinthu molakwika, mavuto a makina, kulephera kwa dzimbiri komanso mikangano yobweretsa.