Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303 vs 304: Ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuchasana nokugqwala

Intshayelelo

Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303 vs 304ikakhulu lukhetho phakathi koomatshini abakhawulezayo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okungcono. I-Grade 303 yintsimbi engenasici e-austenitic ekhululekileyo equlethe izongezo zesalfure ezilawulwayo eziphucula ukuqhekeka kweetshiphusi, isantya sokusika kunye nobomi besixhobo. I-Grade 304 ibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okungcono ngokubanzi, ukuwelda kunye nokukwazi ukwakheka kuba idla ngokuba nomxholo wesalfure ophantsi kakhulu.

Khetha i-303 stainless steel bar yezinto ezenziwe ngomatshini ezinomthamo ophezulu ezifana neenati, iibholiti, ii-bushings, izixhobo, iishafts, ii-valve parts kunye neemveliso ze-screw-machine ezichanekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithambileyo. Khetha i-304 stainless steel bar yezixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, izinto ezenziwe nge-welded, izinto zokwakha, izixhobo zeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo kunye neendawo ezivezwe kumswakama okanye kwiikhemikhali zokucoca. Nangona zombini ezi ntlobo ziphantsi kosapho lwe-chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel, akufuneki zitshintshwe ngaphandle kokujonga iimfuno zomatshini, ukugqwala, ukuwelda kunye neziqinisekiso.

Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303 kunye nama-304 ecaleni

Uthelekiso	Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303	Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304
Ukutyunjwa kwe-UNS	S30300	S30400
Igama eliqhelekileyo le-EN	1.4305 / X8CrNiS18-9	1.4301 / X5CrNi18-10
Inzuzo Eyintloko	Ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunye nolawulo lwetshiphusi	Ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono kunye nokuguquguquka kokwenziwa
Ukungakwazi ukusebenza	Ilungele kakhulu intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic	Iphakathi; ithambekele ekusebenzeni nzima kunye neetships eziqinileyo
Ukumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi	Ilungile kwiindawo ezithambileyo kodwa ingaphantsi kwama-304	Ilungele kakhulu umoya, ukutya kunye nokuvezwa kwemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi
Ukuxinana	Ilinganiselwe kwaye ngokubanzi ayithandwa xa kusenziwa izinto ezidityanisiweyo	Kuhle kakhulu ukusebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuwelda zentsimbi engagqwaliyo
Ukubumbeka	Iphantsi kuba isalfure inciphisa ukusebenza okushushu nokubandayo	Ilungele ukugoba, ukwenza, ukulungisa intloko kunye nokwenza izinto
Ukusetyenziswa Okuqhelekileyo	Izixhobo ezenziwe ngomatshini ochanekileyo kunye neemveliso zomatshini wezikrufu ozenzekelayo	Izixhobo zoshishino ngokubanzi, ukutya, uyilo kunye nezinto ezenziweyo
Ixabiso lezinto eziluhlaza	Ingafana okanye ingaphezulu kancinci kune-304 kuxhomekeke ekubeni ikhona na	Ihlala ifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye ixabiso layo liphantsi kakhulu
Ixabiso leCandelo eliGqityiweyo	Ihlala iphantsi kakhulu kwimveliso enzima yoomatshini	Isenokuba phezulu xa kufuneka ukujika, ukubhoboza okanye ukuthungela imisonto emininzi

Kutheni iiMishini zeNsimbi ezingagqwali ezingama-303 zilula ngakumbi

Ibanga 303 lisekelwe kulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lwe-chromium-nickel lwe-304 kodwa luqulathe ukongezwa kwesalfure okulawulwayo. Isalfure yenza i-manganese sulfide inclusions enceda ukuqhekeza iitships ngexesha lokusika. Oku kunciphisa ukwakheka kweetships ezinde, eziqhubekayo kwaye kunokuphucula imveliso yokujika ngokuzenzekelayo, ukubhola, ukuthungwa kunye nokugaya.

Ukuziphatha okuphuculweyo kokuqhekeka kweetshiphusi kunokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi zokuvelisa:

• Isantya esiphezulu sokusika esisebenzayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini.

• Iitships ezimfutshane nezilawulekayo.

• Ukusonga okuncinci kwe-chip kwizixhobo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo.

• Ubomi bezixhobo obuphucukileyo kwimveliso ephindaphindwayo.

• Imveliso engcono kwiilathe ezizenzekelayo kunye namaziko okujika e-CNC.

• Iindleko eziphantsi zoomatshini bokuchwetheza izinto ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezinomthamo omkhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezifanayo ezibangela ukuba i-sulfide ingasebenzi kakuhle ziphazamisa umphezulu ongasebenziyo ofanayo kwaye zinciphise ukumelana nokuhlaselwa kwemingxuma kunye nokuqhekeka. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba i-303 idla ngokubonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuphantsi kune-304.

Uthelekiso loBume beeKhemikhali

I-elementi	303 Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo	304 Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo	Isiphumo sezinto ezibonakalayo
I-Chromium	Ngokubanzi malunga ne-17-19%	Ngokubanzi malunga ne-18-20%	Ixhasa ifilimu engasebenziyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi.
I-Nickel	Ngokwesiqhelo yi-8-10%	Ngokwesiqhelo yi-8-10.5%	Iqinisa ulwakhiwo lwe-austenitic kwaye ixhasa ukuqina.
Isalfure	Yandiswa ngabom ukuze kwenziwe umatshini wokulungisa izinto simahla	Igcinwe kwinqanaba elisezantsi elishiyekileyo	Iphucula ukuqhekeka kweetshiphusi kodwa inciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokudityaniswa.
Ikhabhoni	Ilawulwa ngokweenkcukacha zemveliso	Ilawulwa ngokweenkcukacha zemveliso	Ichaphazela amandla kunye nokuziphatha kokuvakalelwa xa uchaphazeleka kubushushu obuphezulu.

Amaxabiso aboniswe apha ngasentla ziimpawu zomgangatho ngokubanzi endaweni yemida yokuthenga. Ukwamkelwa kokugqibela kufuneka kulandele i-ASTM, i-ASME, i-EN okanye iinkcukacha zomthengi ezifanelekileyo kunye neziphumo zokwenyani zeekhemikhali kwisatifikethi sezinto.

Ukumelana Nokugqwala: Kutheni i-304 Isebenza Kangcono

Ibanga 304 ngokubanzi linokumelana nokugqwala okungcono kuba umxholo walo ophantsi wesalfure uxhasa umphezulu ongapheliyo. Isebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi ezinomoya, ekulungisweni kokutya, emanzini acocekileyo nakwiindawo zoshishino ngokubanzi xa yenziwe kwaye icociwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ibanga 303 lihlala likwazi ukumelana nokugqwala xa lithelekiswa nentsimbi yekhabhoni, kodwa izinto ezifakwe kwi-manganese sulfide zinokuba ziindawo zokuqala ukuhlaselwa kwindawo ethile. Umahluko uba ngowona ubalulekileyo xa inxalenye ivezwa kumswakama, ityuwa, iintsalela ze-asidi, amanzi amileyo okanye imingxunya enzima ukuyicoca.

Okusingqongileyo	Ibanga Elicetyiswayo	Inqaku Lokukhetha
Oomatshini Bokusendlwini Abomileyo	303 okanye 304	I-303 inomtsalane xa icandelo lifuna umatshini omkhulu.
Ukuvezwa komoya ngaphandle	304 ikhethwa ngokubanzi	Ukugqitywa komphezulu, ukucoca kunye nongcoliseko lwendawo nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Izixhobo Zokunxibelelana Nokutya	304	Ukucoceka okungcono, ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokufaneleka kokwenziwa.
Izinto Ezimanzi Okanye Ezihlanjwa Rhoqo	304	I-303 ingabonisa ukudaya okanye uhlaselo lwasekuhlaleni kungekudala.
Ukuvezwa kolwandle okanye iChloride	Cinga nge-316 okanye olunye uhlobo lwe-alloy oluphezulu	Akukho 303 okanye 304 ingcono kakhulu xa kusetyenzwa amanzi olwandle kakhulu.

Ukuthelekiswa kwamandla kunye nobunzima

Iibha zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-303 kunye ne-304 zinamandla afanayo xa zinikezelwa kwiimeko ezifanayo ezifakwe i-anneal okanye ezigqityiweyo ngokubanda. Akukho nqanaba liqiniswa ngonyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo lokucima nokushisa. Amandla azo anda ikakhulu ngokusebenza ngokubanda.

Amandla okwenyani okutsalwa, amandla okuvelisa kunye nobunzima buxhomekeke kububanzi bebha, indlela yokwenziwa, ubungakanani bokunciphisa ukubanda kunye nemeko yokuhanjiswa. Ibha encinci ekhanyayo ye-303 etsalwa kubanda inokuba namandla kwaye ibe nzima kunebha enkulu ye-304 egqityiweyo ngobushushu, nangona i-304 ngamanye amaxesha ichazwa njengomgangatho oqinileyo wenjongo ngokubanzi.

Ipropati	303	304
Amandla aqhotyoshelweyo	Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo oluthelekiswayo	Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo oluthelekiswayo
Impendulo Yomsebenzi Obandayo	Inokuqiniswa ngokutsala okubandayo	Ingasebenza nzima kakhulu
Ubuchule	Ngokubanzi ingaphantsi kwama-304	Ngokubanzi kungcono ukwenza kunye nokuguqula
Ukuqina Konyango Lobushushu	Ayiqini ngonyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo	Ayiqini ngonyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo

Umahluko phakathi kokuWelda kunye nokuQamba

Ibanga 304 lolona khetho lungcono kwiindibano ezidityanisiweyo nezibunjiweyo. Linokudityaniswa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwaye lisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiitanki, iifreyimu, izibiyeli, izixhobo zokutya kunye noomatshini abazenziweyo. Uhlobo lwe-304L olunekhabhoni ephantsi lunokucaciswa apho ukusebenza kokugqwala okudityanisiweyo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ibanga 303 alicetyiswa ngokubanzi xa kusenziwa i-welded enzima. Inqanaba layo eliphezulu lesalfure linokunyusa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka okushushu kwaye linciphise umgangatho we-weld. Ukuwelda kunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezikhethiweyo kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanelekileyo, kodwa umyili wecandelo akufuneki acinge ukuba inxalenye ye-303 eyomeleleyo inokuwelda ngokulula njenge-304.

Izinto ezifakwa ngoomatshini abakhululekileyo nazo zinciphisa ukwakheka kakuhle. Iindawo ezifuna ukugoba kakhulu, ukubanda, ukutsalwa nzulu, ukucaba okanye ukwakheka okukhulu kufuneka ziqale nge-304 okanye olunye uhlobo oluthambileyo.

Ibanga Elibalaseleyo Ngokwesicelo

Isicelo	Ibanga Lokuqala Elikhethwayo	Isizathu
Iinxalenye zoMatshini we-Screw ezizenzekelayo	303	Ukuphuculwa kokuqhekeka kweetshiphusi, imveliso kunye nobomi bezixhobo.
Iibhushi ezichanekileyo kunye neeSpacers	303	Ifanelekile ukujika nokubhoboza ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiindawo ezithambileyo.
Amantongomane, iiBholti kunye neenxalenye ezinemisonto	303 kwiindawo ezenziwe ngomatshini; 304 kwiindawo zokubopha ezenziweyo okanye eziveziweyo	Indlela yokuvelisa kunye nemeko yokugqwala zizinto ezigqiba umgangatho ongcono.
Izixhobo Zokulungisa Ukutya	304	Ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono, ukucoceka kunye nokudityaniswa.
Iifreyimu ezidityanisiweyo kunye neeBrackets	304	Ukusebenza ngcono kokuwelda kunye nokwenza izinto.
IiValve kunye neeCandelo zeZixhobo	303 okanye 304	Sebenzisa i-303 kwiindawo ezomileyo ezichanekileyo kunye ne-304 apho ukuvezwa kwenkqubo kufuna amandla amaninzi.
Izixhobo zokwakha okanye zangaphandle	304	Ibonelela ngomda wokugqwala ongcono ngokubanzi kunye nokuguquguquka kokwenziwa.

Imigangatho yezinto eziphathekayo kunye neeFomu zeMveliso

Ngenxa yokuba i-303 yinqanaba loomatshini abakhululekileyo, abathengi kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiinkcukacha zebha ezikhethiweyo. I-ASTM A582/A582M isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiibha zentsimbi engenasici ezigqityiweyo okanye ezigqityiweyo ezibandayo. Ibha yebanga le-304 idla ngoku-odolwa kwi-ASTM A276/A276M ukuze isetyenziselwe inkonzo ngokubanzi okanye kwi-ASTM A479/A479M ukuze kusetyenziswe uxinzelelo.

Imfuneko	Ibha ye-303	Ibha ye-304
Umgangatho oQhelekileyo oQhelekileyo	I-ASTM A582/A582M okanye iinkcukacha ezivunyiweyo ngumthengi	I-ASTM A276/A276M
Ibha yeNkonzo yoXinzelelo	Qinisekisa ukuba umgangatho uvumelekile na ngokweenkcukacha zoyilo	I-ASTM A479/A479M apho kufanelekileyo khona
IiMilo ezikhoyo	Isitokhwe esijikelezileyo, esisikwere, esinamacangca kunye nesilungiselelwe ngokwesiko	Iimilo ezijikelezileyo, ezisikwere, ezisicaba, ezithe tyaba kunye nezolwakhiwo
Umphezulu oqhelekileyo	Ishushu iqengqekile, ixotyulwe, itsalwe kubanda, ikhanya, igudisiwe okanye ipolishiwe	Ishushu iqengqekile, ixotyulwe, itsalwe kubanda, ikhanya, igudisiwe okanye ipolishiwe

Uhlelo olulawulayo kunye neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo kufuneka zichazwe kwi-odolo yokuthenga. Iphepha lemveliso ngokubanzi okanye iphepha ledatha lomthengisi alithathi indawo yomgangatho wezinto zesivumelwano.

Uthelekiso lweendleko: Ixabiso lebha eluhlaza vs ixabiso leenxalenye ezigqityiweyo

Ixabiso eliphantsi le-303 bar alisoloko liphantsi kune-304. I-Grade 304 iveliswa ngobuninzi obukhulu kwaye inokuba nokufumaneka okubanzi kwesitokhwe. I-Grade 303 inokuba neprimiyamu yexabiso kwiisayizi ezithile, ukugqitywa okanye iimarike kuba yimveliso ekhethekileyo yoomatshini basimahla.

Nangona kunjalo, i-303 inganciphisa ixabiso lilonke lecandelo elisebenza ngomatshini ngokuthi:

• Imijikelo emifutshane yokwenziwa kwemishini.

• Ukunciphisa ukutshintshwa kwezixhobo zokusika.

• Ukuphuculwa kokukhutshwa kweetshiphusi.

• Umngcipheko ophantsi wokonakala komphezulu onxulumene neetship.

• Imveliso engenabantu okanye ezenzekelayo ezinzileyo ngakumbi.

• Ukulungiswa okuncinci kwezinto ezifakwe imisonto nezijikwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Kwibha yokusika elula, i-304 isenokuba lolona khetho lungabizi kakhulu. Kwinxalenye echwetheziweyo kakhulu ene-drill, tapping, threading kunye nemisebenzi yokujika emininzi, i-303 inokubonelela ngexabiso eliphantsi lezinto ezigqityiweyo nokuba izinto eziluhlaza zibiza ngaphezulu.

Uluhlu lokujonga iSatifikethi kunye noHlolo

✅ Qinisekisa i-303 UNS S30300 okanye i-304 UNS S30400.

✅ Qinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ye-ASTM, ASME okanye EN o-odolweyo.

✅ Jonga ubungakanani bebha engqukuva, enesikwere, enesikwere okanye ethe tyaba.

✅ Qinisekisa ukuba igqityiwe kushushu, itsalwe kubanda, ixotyulwe, igutyiwe okanye icocekile.

✅ Tshatisa inombolo yobushushu kwi-EN 10204 3.1 MTC kunye nophawu lwephakheji.

✅ Hlola amaxabiso e-chromium, nickel kunye ne-sulfur yokwenyani.

✅ Jonga amandla okutsalwa, amandla okukhupha, ubude kunye nobunzima apho kufuneka khona.

✅ Chaza ukunyamezela ububanzi, ukuthe tye kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu.

✅ Cela i-PMI xa kufuneka uthintelo lokuxubana ngokwezinga.

✅ Chaza ukuba ingaba icandelo liza kudityaniswa, lenziwe okanye liza kuvezwa kumswakama.

✅ Fumana iingxelo ezinobukhulu, ubulukhuni, uburhabaxa okanye ze-UT xa zichaziwe.

Iimpazamo zomthengi eziqhelekileyo

Ukukhetha i-303 kuphela kuba ibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi engagqwaliyo:Ayiboneleli ngomda wokugqwala ofanayo nowe-304 kwiindawo ezimanzi, ezine-asidi okanye ezine-chloride.

Ukukhetha i-304 ngaphandle kokubala iindleko zomatshini:Ixabiso eliphantsi lezinto eziluhlaza linokulinganiswa nexesha elide lokujikeleza, ukuguguleka kwezixhobo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulawula iitshiphusi nzima.

Ukucwangcisa ukuwelda i-303 efana ne-304:Umxholo ophezulu wesalfure unokwenza kube nzima ukuwelda kwaye wonyuse umngcipheko wokuqhekeka.

Uku-odola kuphela ngokwenqanaba:Kufuneka kuchazwe umgangatho webha, indlela yokuvelisa, umphezulu, ukunyamezela, ubulukhuni kunye neemfuno zesatifikethi.

Ukucinga ukuba zonke iibhari ezitsalwa kubanda zinamandla afanayo:Iimpawu zoomatshini ziyahluka ngokwedayamitha, umlinganiselo wokunciphisa kunye nembali yokucubungula.

Ukusebenzisa i-304 xa kukho umngcipheko omkhulu emanzini olwandle:I-304 iyakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala ngaphezu kwe-303, kodwa i-316, i-duplex okanye enye into ene-alloy ephezulu ingafuneka kwinkonzo ye-chloride.

Ukuthelekisa ixabiso ngekhilogram nganye kuphela:Ubomi besixhobo, ixesha lomjikelo, izinga lokwaliwa, umngcipheko wokugqwala kunye neemfuno zokwenziwa zichaphazela ixabiso lilonke lezinto.

FAQ

Ngaba kulula ukuyisebenzisa intsimbi engagqwali engama-303 kune-304?

Ewe. Ibanga 303 liqulethe izongezo zesalfure eziphucula ukuqhekeka kweetshiphusi kunye nokusebenza kokusika. Ngokuqhelekileyo kulula ukujika, ukubhoboza, ukurhangqa kunye nokugaya kune-304, ingakumbi kwimveliso ephezulu.

Yeyiphi ekwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala, yi-303 okanye yi-304?

Ibanga 304 ngokubanzi libonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okungcono. Izinto ezifakelweyo ze-sulfide eziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-303 zinokunciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala, ukudaya kunye nokugqwala kwemingxuma.

Ngaba i-303 ingatshintsha i-304 stainless steel bar?

Ingathatha indawo ye-304 kwiindawo ezomileyo nezinobuthi obuncinci ezilawulwa yimishini, kodwa ukutshintshwa kwayo kufuna uphononongo lobuchwephesha. Ukuwelda, ukwakheka, ucoceko, ukuvezwa ngaphandle kunye nokunxibelelana kolwelo lwenkqubo kunokwenza i-304 ibe lolona khetho lukhuselekileyo.

Ngaba intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303 ingadityaniswa?

I-303 ingadityaniswa kwiimeko ezithile kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanelekileyo, kodwa ayikhuthazwa ngokubanzi kwizakhiwo ezidibeneyo. Ibanga 304 okanye 304L lidla ngokukhethwa xa ukudityaniswa kuyinyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuvelisa.

Ingaba intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303 ibiza kancinci kune-304?

Ixabiso lebha eluhlaza lisenokufana okanye i-303 ingabiza ngaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu kunye nokufumaneka kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-303 inganciphisa iindleko ezigqityiweyo ngokunciphisa ixesha lomatshini wokugaya, iingxaki zokulawula iitshiphusi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokusika.

Ngowuphi umgangatho ongcono kwizixhobo zokutya?

I-304 ngokubanzi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuphezulu, ukucoceka okungcono kunye nokudityaniswa kakuhle. Ukukhethwa kwezinto kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iikhemikhali zokucoca, ubushushu kunye neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zococeko.

Iimveliso zeBar zeStainless Steel ezinxulumene noko

Imveliso Enxulumeneyo	Ukusetyenziswa koThengo
Ibha ejikelezileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303	Ibha ejikelezayo esetyenziswa ngoomatshini abakhululekileyo yokwenza ii-bushings, izixhobo, ii-shafts, izikrufu, amantongomane kunye neenxalenye ze-CNC ezichanekileyo.
Ibha ejikelezileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304	Ibha engqukuva ekwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala esetyenziselwa ukutya, uyilo lwezakhiwo, oomatshini kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngomatshini.
Uluhlu lweBhari yeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo	Iibha ezingqukuva ezikwimigangatho ye-austenitic, martensitic, duplex, free-machining kunye ne-precipitation-hardening.
Ibha yeHexagon yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-303	Ibha yoomatshini abasebenzisa i-hexagonal free-machining yeenati, izixhobo zokufakelwa, iiadaptha, izinto zevalvu kunye neendawo ezinemisonto.
Ibha yentsimbi engagqwali engaphantsi komhlaba engenazimbindi	Ibha yokuchaneka enobubanzi obulawulwayo, ukuthe tye kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu bokwenza i-machining kunye ne-shaft.

Isiphelo

Ibha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-303 yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulungisa iitships ezimfutshane, ukusika ngokukhawuleza kunye nobomi bezixhobo obude kunokunciphisa iindleko zecandelo lilonke. Ibanga 304 lelona khetho lingcono xa ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuwelda, ukwakheka kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkonzo kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Isigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kwindlela epheleleyo yokwenziwa kwenxalenye kunye nendawo yenkonzo. Abathengi kufuneka bahlole ukuba ingaba inxalenye iya kudityaniswa, igotywe, ihlanjwe, isetyenziswe ngaphandle, ibekwe kwiikhemikhali okanye isetyenziswe kufutshane neekloride. Umyalelo wokuthenga kufuneka emva koko uchaze umgangatho, umgangatho webha, ubungakanani, umphezulu, ukunyamezela, imeko yoomatshini kunye namaxwebhu okuhlola.