Cov hlau tsis xeb puas tuaj yeem ua tsis yog hlau nplaum?

Cov hlau tsis xeb yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tau ntau yam siv thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam xws li kev tsim kho, tsheb, kev ua zaub mov, kev kho mob, thiab lub zog. Nws paub zoo txog nws txoj kev tiv taus xeb zoo heev, lub zog siab, thiab qhov zoo nkauj huv si. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas feem ntau nkag siab yuam kev ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb yog nwskev sib nqusMuaj coob tus neeg xav tias txhua yam hlau tsis xeb tsis muaj hlau nplaum—tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb tas li.

Tsab xov xwm no tshawb nrhiavvim li cas qee cov hlau tsis xeb yog hlau nplaum thiab lwm tus tsis yog, yuav ua li cas magnetism tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm kev tsim khoom lossis kev kho cua sov, thiab qhov no txhais li cas rau ntau yam kev siv. Ua tus neeg muab khoom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoom siv hlau stainless hlau ua tau zoo,SAKYSTEELpiav qhia txog lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb tom qab tus cwj pwm sib nqus hauv cov hlau tsis xeb thiab nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm li cas kom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam.

1. Dab tsi txiav txim siab qhov sib nqus hauv cov hlau tsis xeb?

Yuav kom nkag siab seb cov hlau tsis xeb puas tuaj yeem ua tsis yog hlau nplaum, peb yuav tsum xub saib nws cov qauv sab hauv. Kev sib nqus hauv cov hlau feem ntau yog cuam tshuam nrogkev npaj ntawm cov atomsnyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv crystal.

Cov hlau tsis xeb tau muab faib ua ntau pawg tseem ceeb raws li lawv cov qauv hlau:

• Cov hlau tsis xeb Austenitic(piv txwv li, 304, 316, 310S)

• Ferritic stainless hlau(piv txwv li, 430, 446)

• Cov hlau tsis xeb Martensitic(piv txwv li, 410, 420)

• Duplex stainless hlau(kev sib xyaw ntawm cov theem austenitic thiab ferritic)

• Cov hlau tsis xeb uas ua kom tawv thaum los nag(piv txwv li, 17-4PH)

Ntawm cov no,cov hlau tsis xeb austeniticyog cov feem ntau thiab feem ntau yogtsis yog hlau nplaum hauv lawv qhov xwm txheej annealedCov khoom tsis muaj hlau nplaum no yog vim lawv lub ntsej muag-centered cubic (FCC) siv lead ua qauv, uas tsis pub cov magnetic domains sib phim yooj yim.

Nyob rau sab tes tod,cov hlau tsis xeb ferritic thiab martensiticmuaj lub cev-centered cubic (BCC) qauv, uas txhawb nqa magnetic domain alignment, ua rau lawvmuaj zog heev.

2. Vim li cas qee cov hlau tsis xeb thiaj li muaj hlau nplaum?

Qhov degree ntawm magnetism hauv stainless hlau nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawgferrite or martensitetheem tam sim no. Thaum cov theem no tswj hwm, cov hlau ua magnetic.

Piv txwv li:

• Ferritic qibxws liAISI 430thiabAISI 446yeej ib txwm muaj hlau nplaum.

• Cov qib Martensiticxws liAISI 410 or AISI 420kuj yog sib nqus tom qab kev kho cua sov.

• Cov qib Austeniticxws liAISI 304 los yog 316feem ntau tsis yog hlau nplaum, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua hlau nplaum me ntsis thaum ua haujlwm txias.

Kev ua haujlwm txias - xws likhoov, dov, kos duab, lossis ua haujlwm—ua rau qee qhov ntawm cov qauv austenitic hloov pauv mus uamartensite, ib theem sib nqus. Qhov kev hloov pauv no piav qhia vim li cas lub dab dej stainless hlau 304 yuav qhia me ntsis magnetism ze ntawm cov ces kaum lossis cov npoo uas tau tsim hnyav.

3. Cov Hlau Stainless puas tuaj yeem ua tsis yog hlau nplaum dua?

Yog lawm, cov hlau tsis xeb tuaj yeem ua tsis yog hlau nplaum dua, tab sis nws nyob ntawm nws cov khoom xyaw thiab kev kho mob.

Thaum cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic (xws li 304 lossis 316) ua hlau nplaum vim yog ua haujlwm txias,kev kho cua sov (annealing)tuaj yeem kho nws qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj hlau nplaum. Thaum lub sijhawm annealing, cov hlau raug cua sov rau qhov kub siab - feem ntau ntawm 1050 ° C thiab 1100 ° C - thiab tom qab ntawd txias sai. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau cov qauv siv lead ua kom tsis zoo los hloov pauv mus rau hauv theem austenitic (tsis muaj hlau nplaum).

Txawm li cas los xij,cov hlau tsis xeb ferritic thiab martensitictsis tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj hlau nplaum los ntawm kev kho cua sov, vim tias lawv cov qauv hauv paus yog hlau nplaum. Txawm tias tom qab annealing, cov qib no tseem muaj zog hlau nplaum.

4. Kev Tshawb Fawb Tom Qab Austenitic Non-Magnetism

Tus cwj pwm tsis muaj hlau nplaum ntawm cov hlau austenitic stainless hlau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog nwscov ntsiab lus ntawm nickel. Nickel ua kom cov qauv austenitic ruaj khov ntawm chav sov. Thaum cov ntsiab lus nickel siab txaus, cov hlau tswj nws cov FCC crystal lattice, uas tsis txhawb nqa magnetism.

Piv txwv li:

• Hom 304 stainless hlaumuaj 8–10.5% nickel thiab feem ntau tsis yog hlau nplaum.

• Hom 316 stainless hlau, nrog 10–14% nickel thiab 2–3% molybdenum, muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo dua thiab tsis nyob hauv cov xwm txheej feem ntau.

Yog tias cov ntsiab lus nickel raug txo qis (zoo li hauv qib nickel qis lossis "200-series"), cov hlau yuav qhia qee qhov kev teb magnetic tom qab kev tsim khoom vim tias cov qauv ua rau tsis ruaj khov.

5. Cov Yam Uas Cuam Tshuam Rau Kev Sib Nqus Hauv Cov Hlau Stainless

Muaj ob peb yam tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab seb cov khoom siv hlau tsis xeb puas yog hlau nplaum lossis tsis yog:

a. Cov Tshuaj Lom Zem

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke - chromium, nickel, molybdenum, thiab manganese - cuam tshuam rau qhov sib npaug ntawm austenitic thiab ferritic theem. Nickel thiab nitrogen txhawb nqa kev tsis muaj hlau nplaum, thaum chromium thiab carbon txhawb nqa kev muaj hlau nplaum.

b. Kev Kho Mob Kub

Kev ua kom kub hnyiab tuaj yeem txo lossis tshem tawm qhov muaj zog magnetism hauv cov hlau austenitic, thaum quenching lossis tempering tuaj yeem ua rau muaj magnetism ntau ntxiv hauv cov qib martensitic.

c. Kev Ua Haujlwm Txias thiab Kev Nyuaj Siab ntawm Lub Tshuab

Kev hloov pauv xws li dov lossis stamping ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab martensite, ua rau cov khoom siv sib nqus me ntsis txawm tias nws tsis yog hlau nplaum thaum xub thawj.

d. Kev vuam

Qhov chaw kub-cuam tshuam (HAZ) hauv cov hlau tsis xeb uas tau vuam qee zaum tuaj yeem qhia txog qhov sib nqus ib nrab vim yog kev hloov pauv me me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov qib duplex lossis austenitic.

6. Cov Ntawv Thov Uas Yuav Tsum Tau Cov Hlau Stainless Uas Tsis Yog Hlau Sib Nqus

Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nplaum yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam uasyuav tsum tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam magneticlossis qhov twg cov khoom sib nqus yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm. Cov ntawv thov ib txwm muaj xws li:

• Cov cuab yeej kho mob thiab phais– Cov cuab yeej siv tau nrog MRI yuav tsum tsis yog hlau nplaum kiag li.

• Kev tsav dav hlau thiab kev tiv thaiv– Qee lub tshuab navigation xav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis cuam tshuam cov magnetic fields.

• Khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas lus- Cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej rhiab heev yuav tsum ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm hlau nplaum.

• Cov khoom siv cryogenic thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev- Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nplaum tiv thaiv kev rub hlau nplaum tsis xav tau lossis kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cua sov.

• Cov khoom siv ua dej hiav txwv thiab tshuaj lom neeg- Cov qib Austenitic zoo li 316L muab ob qho tib si tsis muaj hlau nplaum thiab kev ua haujlwm tiv taus corrosion.

Hauv cov ntawv thov no,SAKYSTEELmuab cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic uas ua tiav qhov tseeb nrog cov khoom tsis muaj hlau nplaum, ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab sib xws hauv cov chaw nyuaj.

7. Cov Hlau Stainless Duplex puas tuaj yeem tsis yog hlau nplaum?

Duplex stainless hlau, xws li2205 (UNS S32205), muaj ob qho tib si austenitic thiab ferritic theem - kwv yees li 50/50. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhia txogib feem ntawm magnetismTxawm hais tias tsis yog tag nrho cov hlau nplaum uas tsis muaj zog, lawv cov permeability magnetic qis dua li ntawm cov hlau ferritic xwb.

Qhov no ua rau cov qib duplex muaj txiaj ntsig thaum muaj qhov sib nqus nruab nrab tab sis xav tau lub zog siab dua thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion - xws li hauv cov chaw ua roj hauv hiav txwv, cov chaw desalination, thiab cov kav dej ua tshuaj lom neeg.

8. Kev Ntsuas Magnetism Hauv Cov Hlau Stainless

Magnetism hauv stainless hlau tuaj yeem ntsuas tau siv ntau txoj kev:

a. Kev Ntsuas Hlau nplaum Yooj Yim

Ib lub hlau nplaum uas tuav tau yooj yim txiav txim siab seb cov khoom siv hlau tsis xeb puas yog hlau nplaum lossis tsis yog. Yog tias lub hlau nplaum lo rau ruaj khov, cov khoom siv yog ferritic lossis martensitic; yog tias qhov rub tsis muaj zog lossis tsis muaj, nws yuav yog austenitic.

b. Kev Ntsuas Permeability

Ib lub cuab yeej raug dua, hu ua lub ntsuas permeability magnetic, ntsuas qhov permeability magnetic (µr) ntawm cov hlau.

• Cov hlau uas tsis muaj hlau nplaum tag nrho muaj µr ze li ntawm 1.0.

• Cov hlau uas muaj hlau nplaum me ntsis (ib feem austenitic) muaj µr ntawm 1.02 thiab 1.2.

• Cov hlau uas muaj hlau nplaum loj heev tuaj yeem muaj µr siab dua 2.0.

c. Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Txog Cov Tshuaj Lom Zem

Cov cuab yeej ntsuas khoom siv tau xws li rab phom XRF (X-ray fluorescence) tuaj yeem lees paub cov qib alloy sai sai thiab txheeb xyuas seb cov hlau puas yuav tsum muaj hlau nplaum lossis tsis muaj hlau nplaum.

9. Cov Chaw Tsim Khoom Tswj Xyuas Qhov Sib Nqus Li Cas

Hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no, cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb tuaj yeem tswj tau meej los ntawm kev tsim cov hlau sib xyaw thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau hloov khocov theem ntawm nickel, nitrogen, thiab chromiumkom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov qauv austenitic thiab ferritic.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb,cov cub tawg annealingnrog cov huab cua tswj tau siv los txo kev ntxhov siab thiab rov qab kho cov khoom tsis yog hlau nplaum hauv cov khoom ua haujlwm txias. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau cov lag luam muaj kev ua haujlwm siab xws li cov khoom siv semiconductor, cov chaw nqus tsev, thiab cov cuab yeej siv.

10. Cov Lus Dab Neeg Txog Cov Hlau Stainless Uas Muaj Hlau Sib Nqus

Cuav 1: Txhua cov hlau tsis xeb yog tsis muaj hlau nplaum

Qhov no yog qhov cuav. Tsuas yog qee qib austenitic xwb uas tsis yog hlau nplaum tag nrho, thaum qib ferritic thiab martensitic yog hlau nplaum.

Cuav 2: Cov hlau tsis xeb uas muaj hlau nplaum zoo dua

Tsis muaj tseeb. Kev sib nqus tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv taus xeb lossis lub zog kho tshuab. Qhov tseeb, cov qib sib nqus zoo li 430 thiab 410 yog siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsheb.

Cuav 3: Kev sib nqus qhia tias cov hlau tsis xeb zoo

Qhov teb magnetic tsis tau txhais hais tias cov hlau yog cuav lossis qib qis. Ntau cov hlau stainless 304 tiag tiag tuaj yeem qhia qhov magnetic tsis muaj zog tom qab ua tiav.

Cuav 4: Kev kho cua sov tuaj yeem ua rau txhua yam hlau tsis xeb tsis muaj hlau nplaum

Kev kho cua sov tsuas yog ua haujlwm rau cov qib austenitic xwb. Ferritic thiab martensitic steels tsis tuaj yeem raug demagnetized tag nrho vim lawv cov qauv qub.

11. Piv txwv tiag tiag: Tshem tawm cov hlau nplaum 304 Stainless Steel

Xav txog ib daim hlau stainless 304 uas yuav ua hlau nplaum tom qab rub txias heev. Yuav kom nws tsis yog hlau nplaum dua, nws tuaj yeem ua tauannealed ntawm 1080 ° Cua raws likev tua dej sai saiCov txheej txheem no tshem tawm cov martensite uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab rov qab kho cov theem austenitic ntshiab.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim kuj nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg yam khoom xyaw - yog tias cov ntsiab lus nickel qis me ntsis lossis yog tias muaj cov theem ferritic seem, cov hlau yuav tsis dhau los ua tsis muaj hlau nplaum kiag li.

12. Xaiv Cov Hlau Stainless Uas Yog Rau Cov Ntawv Thov Uas Tsis Yog Magnetic

Thaum kev ua haujlwm tsis yog hlau nplaum yog qhov tseem ceeb, kev xaiv cov khoom siv yuav tsum raws li ob qho tib sitshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leegthiabcov txheej txheem tsim khoomCov hauv qab no yog cov kev xaiv uas tsis muaj hlau nplaum uas ntseeg tau: