Ngaba intsimbi engagqwaliyo ingaba yinto engenamandla ombane?

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana nokwakha, iimoto, ukucubungula ukutya, ezonyango, kunye namandla. Yaziwa kakhulu ngokumelana kwayo nokugqwala, amandla aphezulu, kunye nenkangeleko ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, enye yezona mpawu zingaqhelekanga zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kukubaubutsalaneAbantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba zonke iintsimbi ezingenasici azinamagnethi—kodwa oku akusoloko kuyinyaniso.

Eli nqaku liphononongakutheni ezinye iintsimbi ezingenasici zinamandla ombane kwaye ezinye azinamandla ombane, indlela imagnetism enokutshintshwa ngayo ngokwenziwa okanye unyango lobushushu, kunye nokuba oku kuthetha ukuthini kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Njengomthengisi wehlabathi weemveliso zentsimbi engagqwaliyo esebenza kakhulu,I-SAKYSTELichaza isiseko sesayensi esingasemva kokuziphatha kwemagnethi kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nendlela enokulawulwa ngayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zoshishino.

1. Yintoni emisela iMagnetic kwiStainless Steel?

Ukuze siqonde ukuba ingaba intsimbi engagqwaliyo inokuba yi-non-magnetic, kufuneka siqale sijonge ulwakhiwo lwayo lwangaphakathi. I-magnetism kwiintsimbi inxulumene kakhulu ne-ulungiselelo lweeathomkwisakhiwo sazo sekristale.

Iintsimbi ezingenasici zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezininzi eziphambili ngokusekelwe kwisakhiwo sazo sesinyithi:

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici zase-Austenitic(umz., 304, 316, 310S)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeFerritic(umz., 430, 446)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeMartensitic(umz., 410, 420)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici ezimbini(umxube wezigaba ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici eziqinisa imvula(umz., 17-4PH)

Phakathi kwezi,iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-austeniticzezona zixhaphakileyo kwaye ngokubanzii-non-magnetic kwimeko yazo efakwe i-annealLe propati engeyoyamagnethi ibangelwa yisakhiwo sayo sekristale ye-cubic (FCC) esijonge ngqo ebusweni, esingavumeli ii-domains zemagnethi ukuba zilungelelane ngokulula.

Kwelinye icala,iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-ferritic kunye ne-martensiticzinesakhiwo se-cubic esigxile emzimbeni (BCC), esixhasa ukulungelelaniswa kwesizinda semagnethi, nto leyo ebenzainamandla kakhulu enomtsalane.

2. Kutheni Ezinye Iintsimbi Ezingagqwaliyo ZineMagnetic?

Ubungakanani bemagnetism kwintsimbi engatyiwayo buxhomekeke kubungakananii-ferrite or i-martensiteXa ezi zigaba zilawula, intsimbi iba yimagnethi.

Umzekelo:

• Amanqanaba e-FerriticnjengeI-AISI 430kwayeI-AISI 446zihlala zinomtsalane.

• Amanqanaba eMartensiticnjengeI-AISI 410 or I-AISI 420zikwanamandla ombane emva konyango lobushushu.

• Amanqaku e-AusteniticnjengeI-AISI 304 okanye i-316zihlala zingenamagnethi, kodwa zinokuba nemagnethi kancinci xa zisebenza ngokubandayo.

Ukusebenza ngokubandayo—njengokubaukugoba, ukuqengqa, ukuzoba, okanye ukwenza imashini—ibangela ukuba ezinye zezakhiwo ze-austenitic ziguquke zibei-martensite, isigaba semagnethi. Olu tshintsho luchaza isizathu sokuba isinki yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 inokubonisa ubunewunewu obuncinci kufutshane neekona ezigobileyo okanye imiphetho eyenziwe kakhulu.

3. Ngaba intsimbi engatyiwayo ingaba yimagnethi kwakhona?

Ewe, intsimbi engagqwaliyo inokuphinda ingabi namandla ombane, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwindlela ebumbeke ngayo kunye nonyango lwayo.

Xa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic (efana ne-304 okanye i-316) iba yimagnethi ngenxa yokusebenza okubandayo,unyango lobushushu (ukucoca)inokubuyisela imeko yayo engeyiyo imagnethi. Ngexesha lokutsalwa kwesinyithi, isinyithi siyafudunyezwa siye kubushushu obuphezulu—ngesiqhelo phakathi kwe-1050°C kunye ne-1100°C—size sipholiswe ngokukhawuleza. Le nkqubo ivumela isakhiwo sekristale esijijekileyo ukuba sitshintshe sibe sisigaba esipheleleyo se-austenitic (esingeyiyo imagnethi).

Nangona kunjalo,iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-ferritic kunye ne-martensiticayinakwenziwa ingabi namandla ombane ngokupheleleyo ngonyango lobushushu, kuba isakhiwo sabo sesiseko sinamandla ombane ngokwemvelo. Kwanasemva kokufakelwa, la manqanaba agcina iimpawu ezinamandla zombane.

4. Isayensi Engasemva Kwe-Austenitic Non-Magnetism

Ukuziphatha okungenamagnethi kwentsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-umxholo we-nickelI-Nickel izinzisa isakhiwo se-austenitic kubushushu begumbi. Xa umxholo we-nickel uphezulu ngokwaneleyo, intsimbi igcina i-FCC crystal lattice yayo, engaxhasi i-magnetism.

Njengokuba:

• Uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-304iqulethe i-nickel eyi-8–10.5% kwaye ihlala ingenamagnethi.

• Uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-316, ene-nickel eyi-10–14% kunye ne-molybdenum eyi-2–3%, inika ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono kwaye ihlala ingenamagnethi phantsi kweemeko ezininzi.

Ukuba umxholo we-nickel unciphile (njengakwi-nickel ephantsi okanye kwi-"200-series"), intsimbi inokubonisa impendulo ethile yemagnethi emva kokwenziwa kwayo kuba isakhiwo asizinzanga kangako.

5. Izinto Ezichaphazela Imagnetism Kwintsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Izinto ezibalulekileyo zimbalwa ezibonisa ukuba icandelo lesinyithi esingenasici linamandla okanye alinamandla:

a. Ukwenziwa kweeKhemikhali

Izinto eziphambili zokudibanisa—i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-manganese—zichaphazela ibhalansi phakathi kwezigaba ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic. I-nickel kunye ne-nitrogen zikhuthaza i-non-magnetism, ngelixa i-chromium kunye ne-carbon zikhuthaza i-magnetism.

b. Unyango lobushushu

Ukutsalwa kwesinyithi kunokunciphisa okanye kususe imagnetism kwiintsimbi ze-austenitic, ngelixa ukucima okanye ukufudumala kunokunyusa imagnetism kwiindidi ze-martensitic.

c. Umsebenzi Obandayo kunye noxinzelelo lweMechanical

Ukuguquka okufana nokuqengqeleka okanye ukunyathela kungenisa i-martensite ebangelwa kukuxinana, nto leyo eyenza ukuba le nto ibe nemagnethi kancinci nokuba yayingeyomagnethi ekuqaleni.

d. Ukuwelda

Indawo echaphazeleka bubushushu (HAZ) kwiintsimbi ezitshixiweyo ezingenakunyibilika ngamanye amaxesha inokubonisa ubunewunewu obungaphelelanga ngenxa yotshintsho lwesakhiwo, ingakumbi kwiindidi ezimbini okanye ezintathu.

6. Izicelo Ezifuna Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo EngengoMagnetic

Iintsimbi ezingenamagineti zibalulekile kumashishini aphoukuphazamiseka kwemagnethi kufuneka kuthintelweokanye apho iimpawu zemagnethi zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza. Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo luquka:

• Izixhobo zonyango nezotyando– Izixhobo ezihambelana ne-MRI mazingabi namandla ngokupheleleyo.

• I-Aerospace kunye nokhuselo– Ezinye iinkqubo zokukhangela zifuna izinto ezingaphazamisi amandla emagnethi.

• Izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nonxibelelwano– Izixhobo ezivakalayo nezinovakalelo mazisebenze ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemagnethi.

• Izixhobo ze-Cryogenic kunye ne-vacuum– Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezemagnethi zithintela ukutsalana kwemagnethi okungafunekiyo okanye ukuqokelelana kobushushu.

• Izixhobo zokucoca iikhemikhali kunye nezolwandle– Iiklasi ze-Austenitic ezifana ne-316L zibonelela ngokusebenza okungenamagnethi kunye nokungagqwali.

Kwezi zicelo,I-SAKYSTELibonelela ngeentsimbi ezingenasici ezenziwe ngokuchanekileyo ezineempawu ezingezizo zemagnethi eziqinisekisiweyo, iqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuhambelana kwiindawo ezifuna amandla.

7. Ngaba iintsimbi ezingasebenziyo zeDuplex azinakuba yimagnethi?

Iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini, ezifana2205 (UNS S32205), ziqulathe zombini izigaba ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic—malunga ne-50/50. Ngenxa yoko, zibonisaubutsalane obungaphelelangaNangona zingekho ngokupheleleyo kwi-magnetic, i-magnetic permeability yazo iphantsi kuneyeentsimbi ze-ferritic kuphela.

Oku kwenza ukuba ii-duplex grades zibe luncedo xa i-magnetism ephakathi yamkelekile kodwa kufuneka amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala—njengakwiindawo zeoyile ezikude nolwandle, izityalo zokukhupha ityuwa, kunye nemibhobho yokucubungula iikhemikhali.

8. Ukuvavanya iMagnetic kwiNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Imagnetism kwintsimbi engagqwali ingalinganiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

a. Uvavanyo olulula lweMagnet

Imagnethi ephathwayo inokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba into yentsimbi engagqwaliyo inomtsalane okanye ayinamandla. Ukuba imagnethi inamathela ngokuqinileyo, loo nto iyinto ye-ferritic okanye ye-martensitic; ukuba umtsalane ubuthathaka okanye awukho, kusenokwenzeka ukuba inamandla.

b. Imitha yokuVula

Isixhobo esichanekileyo ngakumbi, esibizwa ngokuba yi-magnetic permeability meter, silinganisa i-relative magnetic permeability (µr) yentsimbi.

• Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezemagnethi ngokupheleleyo zinomlinganiselo ophantse ube yi-µr kwi-1.0.

• Iintsimbi ezinomtsalane kancinci (ezincinci ezizi-austenitic) zinomlinganiselo we-µr phakathi kwe-1.02 kunye ne-1.2.

• Iintsimbi zemagnethi ezinamandla zinokuba ne-µr engaphezulu kwe-2.0.

c. Uhlalutyo loBume beeKhemikhali

Ii-analyzer eziphathekayo ezifana nee-XRF (X-ray fluorescence) guns zinokuqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza amanqanaba e-alloy kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba intsimbi kulindeleke ukuba ibe nemagnethi okanye ingabi nemagnethi.

9. Indlela Abavelisi Abalawula Ngayo Imagnethi

Kwimveliso yanamhlanje, iipropati zemagnethi zentsimbi engagqwali zinokulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ngoyilo lwe-alloy kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo. Abavelisi badla ngokulungelelanisaamanqanaba e-nickel, i-nitrogen, kunye ne-chromiumukufezekisa ibhalansi enqwenelekayo phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic.

Ukongeza,izitofu zokutshisaEzi zinto zinemozulu elawulwayo zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo nokubuyisela iipropati ezingezizo zemagnethi kwiindawo ezisebenza ngokubandayo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini asebenza ngobuchule obuphezulu njengezixhobo ze-semiconductor, amagumbi okucoca umoya, kunye nezixhobo.

10. Iintsomi Eziqhelekileyo Malunga Nentsimbi Engagqwaliyo EneMagnetic

Intsomi 1: Zonke iintsimbi ezingenasici azinamagnethi

Oku akulunganga. Kuphela zii-austenitic grades ezithile ezingezizo zemagnethi ngokupheleleyo, ngelixa ii-ferritic kunye ne-martensitic grades zi-magnetic.

Intsomi 2: Iintsimbi ezingenasici zemagnethi azinamgangatho uphantsi

Ayiyonyani loo nto. Imagnetism ayinanto yakwenza nokumelana nokugqwala okanye amandla oomatshini. Enyanisweni, iigreyidi zemagnethi ezifana ne-430 kunye ne-410 zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhitshini nakwiindawo zeemoto.

Intsomi 3: Imagnetism ibonisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo engalunganga

Impendulo yemagnethi ayithethi ukuba intsimbi yeyobuxoki okanye yeyodidi oluphantsi. Iintsimbi ezininzi ze-stainless steels ezingama-304 zokwenyani zinokubonisa amandla emagnethi abuthathaka emva kokwenziwa.

Intsomi 4: Unyango lobushushu lungenza nayiphi na intsimbi engagqwaliyo ingabi namandla ombane

Unyango lobushushu lusebenza kuphela kwiindidi ze-austenitic. Iintsimbi ze-Ferritic kunye ne-martensitic azinakususwa ngokupheleleyo kwi-magnetization ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esiqhelekileyo.

11. Umzekelo weHlabathi lokwenyani: Ukususa i-magnetizing 304 Stainless Steel

Cinga ngebha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 eba yimagnethi emva kokuba itsalwe kakhulu. Ukuze ingabi yimagnethi kwakhona, inokuba yimagnethi.itshiswe kwi-1080°Cilandelwe nguukucima amanzi ngokukhawulezaLe nkqubo isusa i-martensite ebangelwa kukuxinana kwaye ibuyisela isigaba esicocekileyo se-austenitic.

Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sixhomekeke nakwindlela ekwakhiwe ngayo—ukuba umxholo we-nickel uphantsi kancinci okanye ukuba kukho ii-ferritic phases ezisele, intsimbi isenokungabi yimagnethi ngokupheleleyo.

12. Ukukhetha intsimbi engagqwaliyo efanelekileyo kwiisicelo ezingezizo zemagnethi

Xa ukusebenza okungekho magnethi kubalulekile, ukukhethwa kwezinto kufuneka kusekelwe kuzo zombiniukwakheka kweekhemikhalikwayeinkqubo yokwenziwaEzi zilandelayo ziindlela ezinokuthenjwa zokukhetha izinto ezingezizo ezitsala amandla kagesi: