Kodi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingakhale chopanda maginito?

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga zomangamanga, magalimoto, kukonza chakudya, zamankhwala, ndi mphamvu. Chimadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu zambiri, komanso mawonekedwe ake oyera. Komabe, chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe anthu ambiri samvetsa bwino za chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chakutimphamvu ya maginitoAnthu ambiri amaganiza kuti zitsulo zonse zosapanga dzimbiri sizimagwiritsa ntchito maginito—koma izi sizili choncho nthawi zonse.

Nkhaniyi ikufufuzachifukwa chake zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi maginito ndipo zina sizili choncho, momwe mphamvu ya maginito ingasinthire kudzera mu kupanga kapena kutentha, ndi tanthauzo la izi pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Monga wogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zogwira ntchito bwino,SAKYSTEELimafotokoza maziko asayansi omwe amachititsa kuti maginito agwiritsidwe ntchito mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso momwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zinazake zamafakitale.

1. Kodi n’chiyani chimasiyanitsa mphamvu ya maginito ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri?

Kuti timvetse ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingakhale chopanda maginito, choyamba tiyenera kuyang'ana kapangidwe kake kamkati. Mphamvu ya maginito mu zitsulo imagwirizana kwambiri ndikapangidwe ka maatomumu kapangidwe kawo ka kristalo.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimagawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu angapo kutengera kapangidwe kake ka zitsulo:

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic(monga, 304, 316, 310S)

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Ferritic(monga, 430, 446)

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Martensitic(monga, 410, 420)

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri(kuphatikiza magawo a austenitic ndi ferritic)

• Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimalimbitsa mvula(mwachitsanzo, 17-4PH)

Pakati pa izi,zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austeniticndizofala kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhalaosagwiritsa ntchito maginito mu mkhalidwe wawo wotsekedwaKapangidwe kake kosakhala ka maginito kameneka kamachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka kristalo ka cubic (FCC), komwe sikulola kuti ma domain a maginito azigwirizana mosavuta.

Mbali inayi,zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za ferritic ndi martensiticali ndi kapangidwe ka cubic (BCC) kokhazikika pa thupi, komwe kumathandiza kulumikizana kwa maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kutimphamvu ya maginito.

2. N’chifukwa Chiyani Zitsulo Zina Zosapanga Dzimbiri Zimakhala ndi Magnetic?

Mlingo wa maginito mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri umadalira kuchuluka kwaferrite or martensiteGawo likakhalapo. Pamene magawo awa akulamulira, chitsulocho chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo:

• Magiredi a FerriticmongaAISI 430ndiAISI 446nthawi zonse zimakhala zamaginito.

• Magiredi a MartensiticmongaAISI 410 or AISI 420ndi maginito pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha.

• Magiredi a AusteniticmongaAISI 304 kapena 316nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi maginito, koma zimatha kukhala ndi maginito pang'ono zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mozizira.

Kugwira ntchito mozizira—mongakupinda, kuzunguliza, kukoka, kapena kukonza—zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka austenitic kasinthe kukhalamartensite, gawo la maginito. Kusintha kumeneku kukufotokoza chifukwa chake sinki yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ya 304 ingasonyeze mphamvu ya maginito pafupi ndi ngodya kapena m'mbali zokhota zomwe zapangidwa kwambiri.

3. Kodi Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Chingakhalenso Chopanda Maginito?

Inde, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingakhalenso chosagwiritsa ntchito maginito, koma zimadalira kapangidwe kake ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Pamene chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic (monga 304 kapena 316) chikhala ndi maginito chifukwa cha ntchito yozizira,mankhwala otentha (kunyowetsa)ikhoza kubwezeretsa mkhalidwe wake wopanda maginito. Pa nthawi yothira, chitsulocho chimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwakukulu—nthawi zambiri pakati pa 1050°C ndi 1100°C—kenako chimaziziritsidwa mofulumira. Njira imeneyi imalola kapangidwe ka kristalo kosokonekera kusintha kukhala gawo lopanda maginito.

Komabe,zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za ferritic ndi martensiticSizingapangidwe kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi maginito konse kudzera mu kutentha, chifukwa kapangidwe kake ka maziko ndi ka maginito. Ngakhale atapangidwa, maginito awa amakhalabe ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zamaginito.

4. Sayansi Yomwe Imayambitsa Kusakhala kwa Magnetism ya Austenitic

Khalidwe lopanda maginito la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic limagwirizana kwambiri ndikuchuluka kwa nikeliNickel imalimbitsa kapangidwe ka austenitic kutentha kwa chipinda. Pamene nickel ili yokwanira, chitsulocho chimasunga FCC crystal lattice yake, yomwe siithandizira maginito.

Mwachitsanzo:

• Mtundu wa 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiriIli ndi nickel 8–10.5% ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhalabe yopanda maginito.

• Mtundu wa 316 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, yokhala ndi nickel ya 10–14% ndi molybdenum ya 2–3%, imapereka kukana bwino dzimbiri ndipo imakhalabe yopanda maginito nthawi zambiri.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa nickel kwachepa (monga momwe zilili ndi nickel yochepa kapena "200-series"), chitsulocho chingasonyeze mphamvu ya maginito pambuyo popangidwa chifukwa kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosakhazikika pang'ono.

5. Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Magnetism mu Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri

Zinthu zingapo zofunika zimatsimikiza ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chili ndi maginito kapena ayi:

a. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zinthu zazikulu zogwirizanitsa zinthu—chromium, nickel, molybdenum, ndi manganese—zimakhudza bwino momwe zinthu zilili pakati pa magawo a austenitic ndi ferritic. Nickel ndi nayitrogeni zimathandizira kuti zinthu zisakhale ndi maginito, pomwe chromium ndi carbon zimalimbikitsa maginito.

b. Kutentha Chithandizo

Kuyika zinthu m'matanthwe kungachepetse kapena kuchotsa mphamvu ya maginito mu zitsulo za austenitic, pomwe kuzimitsa kapena kutenthetsa kungawonjezere mphamvu ya maginito muzitsulo za martensitic.

c. Kugwira Ntchito Mozizira ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo

Kusintha kwa zinthu monga kupukuta kapena kupondaponda kumayambitsa martensite yoyambitsidwa ndi kupsinjika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinthucho chikhale ndi maginito pang'ono ngakhale poyamba sichinali ndi maginito.

d. kuwotcherera

Malo okhudzidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ) mu zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zolumikizidwa nthawi zina amatha kuwonetsa mphamvu ya maginito chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, makamaka mu duplex kapena austenitic grades.

6. Mapulogalamu Ofunika Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Chosakhala ndi Maginito

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zopanda maginito ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale omwekusokoneza maginito kuyenera kupewedwakapena komwe mphamvu zamaginito zingakhudze magwiridwe antchito. Ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:

• Zida zachipatala ndi opaleshoni- Zipangizo zogwirizana ndi MRI ziyenera kukhala zopanda maginito konse.

• Ndege ndi chitetezo- Makina ena oyendetsera zinthu amafunikira zinthu zomwe sizimasokoneza mphamvu zamaginito.

• Zamagetsi ndi kulankhulana- Masensa ndi zida zomvera ziyenera kugwira ntchito popanda kusokonezedwa ndi maginito.

• Zipangizo zoziziritsa kukhosi komanso zotsukira mpweya- Zitsulo zopanda maginito zimaletsa kukoka kwa maginito kosafunikira kapena kusungunuka kwa kutentha.

• Zipangizo zopangira mankhwala m'madzi ndi m'madzi- Magiredi a Austenitic monga 316L amapereka mphamvu yolimba komanso yolimba.

Mu ntchito izi,SAKYSTEELimapereka zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri zokhala ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka zopanda maginito, zomwe zimaonetsetsa kuti zidalirika komanso sizisinthasintha m'malo ovuta.

7. Kodi Zitsulo Zosapanga Dzimbiri Zingakhale Zopanda Maginito?

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri, monga2205 (UNS S32205), ali ndi magawo onse a austenitic ndi ferritic—pafupifupi 50/50. Chifukwa chake, amasonyezamphamvu ya maginito pang'onoNgakhale kuti si mphamvu ya maginito yonse, mphamvu yawo ya maginito ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi zitsulo za ferritic zokha.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti maginito awiri akhale othandiza pamene mphamvu ya maginito yapakati ndi yovomerezeka koma mphamvu yapamwamba komanso kukana dzimbiri zimafunika—monga m'mapulatifomu amafuta a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mafakitale ochotsa mchere m'madzi, ndi mapaipi opangira mankhwala.

8. Kuyesa Magnetism mu Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri

Magnetism mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ingayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo:

a. Mayeso Osavuta a Maginito

Maginito ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja amatha kudziwa mwachangu ngati chinthu chosapanga dzimbiri chili ndi maginito kapena ayi. Ngati maginitowo agwira mwamphamvu, chinthucho chili ndi ferritic kapena martensitic; ngati chokopacho chili chofooka kapena palibe, mwina chili ndi austenitic.

b. Chiyeso Chololera Kutha

Chida cholondola kwambiri, chotchedwa magnetic permeability meter, chimayesa relative magnetic permeability (µr) ya chitsulo.

• Zitsulo zopanda maginito zili ndi µr pafupifupi 1.0.

• Zitsulo zokhala ndi maginito pang'ono (zochepa zomwe zimatchedwa austenitic) zimakhala ndi µr pakati pa 1.02 ndi 1.2.

• Zitsulo zamaginito amphamvu zimatha kukhala ndi µr pamwamba pa 2.0.

c. Kusanthula kwa Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zoyezera zonyamulika monga mfuti za XRF (X-ray fluorescence) zimatha kutsimikizira mwachangu kuchuluka kwa alloy ndikutsimikizira ngati chitsulo chikuyembekezeka kukhala ndi maginito kapena ayi.

9. Momwe Opanga Amalamulira Magnetism

Mu mafakitale amakono, mphamvu ya maginito ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imatha kulamulidwa bwino kudzera mu kapangidwe ka aloyi ndi magawo a njira. Opanga nthawi zambiri amasinthakuchuluka kwa nickel, nayitrogeni, ndi chromiumkuti tikwaniritse bwino momwe zinthu za austenitic ndi ferritic zimakhalira.

Kuphatikiza apo,uvuni wothira madzindi mlengalenga wolamulidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kupsinjika ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu zopanda maginito m'zigawo zozizira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri makamaka m'mafakitale olondola kwambiri monga zida za semiconductor, zipinda zotsukira mpweya, ndi zida zoyeretsera.

10. Nkhani Zofala Zokhudza Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo cha Maginito

Bodza 1: Zitsulo zonse zosapanga dzimbiri sizimagwiritsa ntchito maginito

Izi ndi zabodza. Magiredi enaake a austenitic okha ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito maginito mokwanira, pomwe magiredi a ferritic ndi martensitic ndi a maginito.

Bodza Lachiwiri: Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zamaginito ndi zaubwino wochepa

Si zoona. Magnetism sikugwirizana ndi kukana dzimbiri kapena mphamvu ya makina. Ndipotu, maginito monga 430 ndi 410 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zipangizo za kukhitchini ndi zida zamagalimoto.

Bodza Lachitatu: Magnetism imasonyeza kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sichili bwino

Kuyankha kwa maginito sikutanthauza kuti chitsulocho ndi chabodza kapena chapamwamba. Zitsulo zambiri zenizeni zosapanga dzimbiri za 304 zimatha kuwonetsa mphamvu ya maginito yofooka zikapangidwa.

Bodza 4: Kuchiza kutentha kungapangitse chitsulo chilichonse chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chopanda maginito

Kuchiza kutentha kumagwira ntchito kokha pa mitundu ya austenitic. Zitsulo za Ferritic ndi martensitic sizingathe kuchotsedwa mphamvu ya maginito chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake.

11. Chitsanzo cha Dziko Lenileni: Kuchotsa Magnetizing 304 Stainless Steel

Taganizirani za chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 chomwe chimakhala ndi maginito pambuyo pokokedwa ndi kuzizira kwambiri. Kuti chikhale chopanda maginito kachiwiri, chingakhaleyophimbidwa pa 1080°Cotsatidwa ndikuzimitsa madzi mwachanguNjirayi imachotsa martensite yoyambitsidwa ndi kupsinjika ndikubwezeretsa gawo loyera la austenitic.

Komabe, zotsatira zake zimadaliranso kapangidwe kake—ngati kuchuluka kwa nickel kuli kochepa pang'ono kapena ngati pali magawo otsala a ferritic, chitsulocho sichingakhale chopanda mphamvu ya maginito konse.

12. Kusankha Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Choyenera pa Ntchito Zosakhala za Maginito

Ngati ntchito yosakhala ya maginito ndi yofunika kwambiri, kusankha zinthu kuyenera kutengera zonse ziwirikapangidwe ka mankhwalandinjira yopangira zinthuZotsatirazi ndi zosankha zodalirika zopanda maginito: