Hiki i ke kila kila ke lilo i mea ʻole-magnetic?

ʻO ke kila kila kekahi o nā mea hana maʻalahi loa i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻoihana e like me ke kūkulu ʻana, ke kaʻa, ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka ikehu. Ua kaulana ia no kona kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me ke ʻano maʻemaʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kekahi o nā waiwai i hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻole ʻia o ke kila kila ʻo ia konaka hoʻokalakupuaManaʻo ka poʻe he nui ʻaʻole he magnetic nā kila kila āpau—akā, ʻaʻole kēia he ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā manawa a pau.

Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikalano ke aha he magnetic kekahi mau kila kila a ʻaʻole kekahi, pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi ʻia ka magnetism ma o ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka mālama wela, a me ke ʻano o kēia no nā noi like ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolako honua o nā huahana kila kila kiʻekiʻe,SAKYSTEELwehewehe i ke kumu ʻepekema ma hope o ke ʻano magnetic i loko o ke kila kila a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻokele ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi ʻoihana kikoʻī.

1. He aha ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka Magnetism i loko o ke kila kila?

I mea e maopopo ai inā hiki i ke kila kila ke lilo i mea ʻole-magnetic, pono mākou e nānā mua i kona ʻano kūloko. ʻO ka Magnetism i loko o nā metala e pili nui ana i kaka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻātomai loko o ko lākou ʻano kristal.

Ua māhele ʻia nā kila kila i kekahi mau ʻano nui e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano hana metallurgical:

• Nā kila kila Austenitic(e laʻa, 304, 316, 310S)

• Nā kila kila Ferritic(e laʻa, 430, 446)

• Nā kila kila Martensitic(e laʻa, 410, 420)

• Nā kila kila duplex(kahi hui ʻana o nā pae austenitic a me ferritic)

• Nā kila kila paʻakikī i ka ua(e laʻa, 17-4PH)

Ma waena o kēia mau mea,nā kila kila austeniticʻo ia nā mea maʻamau a ma ke ʻano laulāʻaʻole magnetic i ko lākou kūlana annealedʻO kēia ʻano ʻaʻole magnetic ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kristal cubic face-centered (FCC), ka mea i ʻae ʻole i nā kikowaena magnetic e hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi.

Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe,nā kila kila ferritic a me martensitiche ʻano cubic i waenakonu o ke kino (BCC), e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻāpana magnetic, e hana ana iā lākouikaika ka makeneka.

2. No ke aha he Magnetic kekahi mau kila kila?

ʻO ke kekelē o ka magnetism i loko o ke kila kila e pili ana i ka nui oferrite or martensiteke kūlana i kēia manawa. Ke lanakila kēia mau kūlana, lilo ke kila i mea makeneka.

ʻo kahi laʻana:

• Nā papa Ferritice like meʻAISI 430a meʻAISI 446he magnetic mau.

• Nā papa Martensitice like meʻAISI 410 or ʻAISI 420he magnetic nō hoʻi ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.

• Nā papa Austenitice like meAISI 304 a i ʻole 316ʻaʻole maʻamau he magnetic, akā hiki iā lākou ke lilo iki i magnetic ke hana anu ʻia.

Hana anu—e like mekulou, ʻōwili, kahakiʻi, a mīkini paha—e hoʻololi i kekahi o ke ʻano austenitic imartensite, he pae magnetic. Hōʻike kēia hoʻololi i ke kumu e hōʻike ai kahi poho kila kila 304 i kahi magnetism liʻiliʻi kokoke i nā kihi kūlou a i ʻole nā ​​​​lihi i hana nui ʻia.

3. Hiki i ke kila kila ke lilo hou i mea ʻaʻole makeneka?

ʻAe, hiki i ke kila kila ke lilo hou i non-magnetic, akā pili ia i kona ʻano a me kona mālama ʻana.

Ke lilo ke kila kila austenitic (e like me 304 a i ʻole 316) i mea makeneka ma muli o ka hana anu,ka mālama wela (annealing)hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i kona kūlana non-magnetic. I ka wā o ka annealing, hoʻomehana ʻia ka metala i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe—ma waena o 1050°C a me 1100°C—a laila hoʻomaʻalili koke ʻia. ʻAe kēia kaʻina hana i ke ʻano kristal i hoʻopilikia ʻia e hana hou i loko o kahi pae austenitic piha (non-magnetic).

Eia naʻe,nā kila kila ferritic a me martensiticʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia he mea ʻole loa ia he magnetic ma o ka mālama wela ʻana, no ka mea, he magnetic maoli ko lākou ʻano kumu. ʻOiai ma hope o ka annealing, mālama kēia mau papa i nā waiwai magnetic ikaika.

4. ʻO ka ʻepekema ma hope o ka Austenitic Non-Magnetism

ʻO ke ʻano non-magnetic o ke kila kila austenitic e pili pono ana i kānaka nui o ka nikalaHoʻopaʻa ʻo Nickel i ke ʻano austenitic i ka mahana o ka lumi. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka nickel, mālama ke kila i kāna lattice kristal FCC, ʻaʻole ia e kākoʻo i ka magnetism.

ʻo kahi laʻana:

• ʻAno kila kila 304aia he 8–10.5% nickel a noho mau ka hapa nui ʻaʻole magnetic.

• ʻAno kila kila 316, me 10–14% nickel a me 2–3% molybdenum, hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka pala a noho ʻaʻole magnetic ma lalo o ka hapa nui o nā kūlana.

Inā hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka nickel (e like me nā papa nickel haʻahaʻa a i ʻole "200-series"), hiki i ke kila ke hōʻike i kekahi pane magnetic ma hope o ka hana ʻana no ka mea ua lilo ke ʻano i mea paʻa ʻole.

5. Nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka Magnetism i loko o ke kila kila

Hoʻoholo kekahi mau kumu koʻikoʻi inā he magnetic kahi ʻāpana kila kila a ʻaʻole paha:

a. Hoʻohuihui Kemika

ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui nui—chromium, nickel, molybdenum, a me manganese—e hoʻopilikia i ke kaulike ma waena o nā pae austenitic a me ferritic. Hoʻolaha ka nickel a me ka nitrogen i ka non-magnetism, ʻoiai ʻo ka chromium a me ke kalapona e paipai i ka magnetism.

b. Ka Lapaʻau Wela

Hiki i ka Annealing ke hōʻemi a wehe paha i ka magnetism i nā kila austenitic, ʻoiai ʻo ka quenching a i ʻole ka tempering hiki ke hoʻonui i ka magnetism i nā māka martensitic.

c. Hana Anu a me ke Koʻikoʻi Mekanika

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana e like me ka ʻōwili ʻana a i ʻole ka hehi ʻana e hoʻokomo i ka martensite i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kaumaha, e hoʻolilo ana i ka mea i mea magnetic iki ʻoiai inā he non-magnetic mua ia.

d. Kuʻihao

ʻO ka ʻāpana i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka wela (HAZ) i loko o nā kila kila i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi manawa hiki ke hōʻike i ka magnetism hapa ma muli o nā loli microstructural, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā papa duplex a austenitic paha.

6. Nā noi e koi ana i ke kila kila ʻaʻole Magnetic

He mea koʻikoʻi nā kila kila ʻaʻole magnetic i nā ʻoihana kahipono e pale ʻia ka hoʻopilikia magnetica i ʻole kahi e hiki ai i nā waiwai magnetic ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana. ʻO nā noi maʻamau e komo pū me:

• Nā mea hana lapaʻau a me nā mea ʻoki kino– Pono nā mea hana e kūpono i ka MRI e lilo i mea ʻole magnetic.

• Aerospace a me ka pale kaua– Pono kekahi mau ʻōnaehana hoʻokele i nā mea i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i nā kahua magnetic.

• Nā mea uila a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana– Pono nā mea ʻike a me nā mea hana koʻikoʻi e hana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia magnetic.

• Nā lako hana Cryogenic a me ka vacuum– Pale aku nā kila ʻaʻole-magnetic i ka huki ʻana o ka magnetic i makemake ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wela.

• Nā lako hana kai a me nā kemika– Hāʻawi nā papa Austenitic e like me 316L i ka hana kūpaʻa ʻole i ka magnetic a me ka corrosion.

Ma kēia mau noi,SAKYSTEELhoʻolako i nā kila kila austenitic i hana ʻia me ka pololei me nā waiwai non-magnetic i hōʻoia ʻia, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hilinaʻi a me ke kūlike i nā wahi koi.

7. Hiki i nā kila kila Duplex ke lilo i mea ʻaʻole Magnetic?

Nā kila kila duplex, e like me2205 (UNS S32205), loaʻa nā pae austenitic a me ferritic—ma kahi o 50/50. ʻO ka hopena, hōʻike lākouka magnetism hapaʻOiai ʻaʻole piha ka non-magnetic, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ko lākou permeability magnetic ma mua o nā kila ferritic maʻemaʻe.

ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai nā papa duplex ke ʻae ʻia ka magnetism kaulike akā koi ʻia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala—e like me nā kahua aila ma waho, nā hale hana desalination, a me nā paipu hana kemika.

8. Ke hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka Magnetism i loko o ke kila kila

Hiki ke ana ʻia ka magnetism i loko o ke kila kila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano hana:

a. Hoʻāʻo Magnet maʻalahi

Hiki i kahi magnet lima ke hoʻoholo koke inā he magnetic kahi mea kila kila a ʻaʻole paha. Inā paʻa ka magnet, he ferritic a martensitic paha ka mea; inā nāwaliwali a ʻaʻohe paha ka huki ʻana, he austenitic paha ia.

b. Ka Ana o ka Permeability

ʻO kahi mea hana pololei loa, i kapa ʻia he mika permeability magnetic, ke ana i ka permeability magnetic pili (µr) o ke kila.

• ʻO nā kila piha ʻole-magnetic he kokoke i 1.0 ka µr.

• ʻO nā kila magnetic iki (ʻāpana austenitic) he µr ma waena o 1.02 a me 1.2.

• Hiki i nā kila makeneka ikaika ke loaʻa ka µr ma luna o 2.0.

c. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Hoʻohui Kemika

Hiki i nā mea kālailai lawe lima e like me nā pū XRF (X-ray fluorescence) ke hōʻoia koke i nā ʻano metala a hōʻoia inā manaʻo ʻia he kila magnetic a ʻaʻole paha he kila magnetic.

9. Pehea e kāohi ai nā mea hana i ka Magnetism

I ka hana ʻana o kēia au, hiki ke hoʻomalu pono ʻia nā waiwai magnetic o ke kila kila ma o ka hoʻolālā alloy a me nā palena hana. Hoʻoponopono pinepine nā mea hananā pae nikala, naikokene, a me chromiume hoʻokō i ke kaulike i makemake ʻia ma waena o nā ʻano austenitic a me ferritic.

Eia kekahi,nā umu hoʻomehaname nā lewa i kāohi ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻoluʻolu i ke kaumaha a hoʻihoʻi i nā waiwai non-magnetic i nā ʻāpana i hana anu ʻia. He mea nui loa kēia no nā ʻoihana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe e like me nā lako semiconductor, nā keʻena vacuum, a me nā mea hana.

10. Nā Moʻolelo Kūlohelohe e pili ana i ke kila kila kila

Ka Moʻolelo Hoʻopunipuni 1: ʻAʻole makeneka nā kila kila āpau

He wahaheʻe kēia. ʻO kekahi mau māka austenitic wale nō i piha i ka non-magnetic, ʻoiai ʻo nā māka ferritic a me martensitic he magnetic.

Ka Moʻolelo Hoʻopunipuni 2: ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke ʻano o nā kila kila makeneka

ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻAʻohe pili o ka Magnetism me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala a i ʻole ka ikaika mechanical. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā papa magnetic e like me 430 a me 410 i nā lako kīhini a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa.

Ka Moʻolelo Hoʻokalakupua 3: Hōʻike ka Magnetism i ke kila kila maikaʻi ʻole

ʻAʻole manaʻo ka pane magnetic he hoʻopunipuni a haʻahaʻa paha ke kila. Hiki i nā kila kila 304 maoli ke hōʻike i ka magnetism nāwaliwali ma hope o ka hana ʻana.

Ka Moʻolelo Hoʻomanaʻo 4: Hiki i ka mālama wela ke hana i kekahi kila kila ʻole-magnetic

Hana wale ka mālama wela no nā papa austenitic. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale piha ʻia nā kila Ferritic a me martensitic ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kūlohelohe.

11. Laʻana Maoli: Hoʻohemo i ka Magnetika o ke Kila Kila 304

E noʻonoʻo i kahi pā kila kila 304 e lilo i mea makeneka ma hope o ke kaha anu nui. I mea e hana hou ai i mea ʻaʻole makeneka, hiki ke hana ʻiahoʻomehana ʻia ma 1080°Cukali ʻia eka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana i ka waiHoʻopau kēia kaʻina hana i ka martensite i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kaumaha a hoʻihoʻi i kahi pae austenitic maʻemaʻe.

Eia nō naʻe, pili pū ka hopena i ka haku mele ʻana—inā haʻahaʻa iki ka nui o ka nickel a inā he mau koena ferritic, ʻaʻole paha e lilo ke kila i mea non-magnetic loa.

12. Ke koho ʻana i ke kila kila kūpono no nā noi ʻaʻole Magnetic

I ka wā e koʻikoʻi ai ka hana non-magnetic, pono e kau ʻia ke koho ʻana o nā mea ma nā mea ʻeluaka hoʻohuihui kemikaa mekaʻina hana hanaEia nā koho hilinaʻi ʻole-magnetic: