Ingabe insimbi engagqwali ingaba yinto engeyona eyozibuthe?

Insimbi engagqwali ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni efana nokwakha, izimoto, ukucubungula ukudla, ezokwelapha kanye namandla. Yaziwa kakhulu ngokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, kanye nokubukeka kwayo okuhlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, esinye sezimpawu ezivame ukungaqondwa kahle zensimbi engagqwali ukuthiamandla kazibutheAbantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi zonke izinsimbi ezingagqwali azinawo amandla kazibuthe—kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Lesi sihloko sihlolakungani ezinye izinsimbi ezingagqwali zinamandla kazibuthe kanti ezinye azinawo amandla kazibuthe, ukuthi amandla kazibuthe angashintshwa kanjani ngokukhiqiza noma ngokwelashwa ngokushisa, nokuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Njengomhlinzeki womhlaba wonke wemikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali esebenza kahle kakhulu,I-SAKYSTEELichaza isisekelo sesayensi ngemuva kokuziphatha kukazibuthe ensimbini engagqwali nokuthi ingaphathwa kanjani ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zezimboni.

1. Yini Enquma Ukuzibutha Ngensimbi Engagqwali?

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ingaba yini engasebenzisi amandla kazibuthe, kumele siqale sibheke isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi. Amandla kazibuthe ezinsimbini ahlobene kakhulu ne-ukuhlelwa kwama-athomuesakhiweni sazo sekristalu.

Izinsimbi ezingagqwali zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sazo sensimbi:

• Izinsimbi ezingenasici zase-Austenitic(isb., 304, 316, 310S)

• Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Ferritic(isb., 430, 446)

• Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Martensitic(isb., 410, 420)

• Izinsimbi ezingenalutho ezimbili(inhlanganisela yezigaba ze-austenitic neze-ferritic)

• Izinsimbi ezingagqwali eziqinisa imvula(isb., 17-4PH)

Phakathi kwalezi,izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austeniticyizona ezivame kakhulu futhi ngokuvamileokungewona amandla kazibuthe esimweni sabo esincishisiweLesi sici esingeyona i-magnetic sibangelwa isakhiwo sazo sekristalu esigxile ebusweni (i-FCC), esingavumeli ama-domain amagnetic ukuthi avumelane kalula.

Ngokolunye uhlangothi,izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-ferritic ne-martensiticbanesakhiwo se-cubic esigxile emzimbeni (i-BCC), esisekela ukuqondanisa kwesizinda samagnetic, okwenza kubeamandla anamandla okuzibuthelisa.

2. Kungani Ezinye Izinsimbi Ezingagqwali Zine-Magnetic?

Izinga lokuzibutha ensimbini engagqwali lincike enaninii-ferrite or i-martensiteisigaba samanje. Uma lezi zigaba zibusa, insimbi iba magnetic.

Ngokwesibonelo:

• Amabanga e-FerriticnjengeI-AISI 430futhiI-AISI 446zihlala zinamandla kazibuthe.

• Amabanga e-MartensiticnjengeI-AISI 410 or I-AISI 420futhi zinamandla kanokusho ngemva kokwelashwa ngokushisa.

• Amabanga e-AusteniticnjengeI-AISI 304 noma i-316ngokuvamile azinawo amandla kazibuthe, kodwa zingaba namandla kazibuthe kancane uma zisebenza ngokubandayo.

Ukusebenza ngokubandayo—njengokungathiukugoba, ukugoqa, ukudweba, noma ukwenza imishini— kubangela ukuthi esinye isakhiwo se-austenitic siguquke sibei-martensite, isigaba sikamazibuthe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuchaza ukuthi kungani isinki yensimbi engagqwali engu-304 ingabonisa amandla kazibuthe amancane eduze kwamakhona agobile noma imiphetho eyakhiwe kakhulu.

3. Ingabe Insimbi Engagqwali Ingaphinde Ingabi Namaginethi Futhi?

Yebo, insimbi engagqwali ingaphinde ingabi namandla kazibuthe, kodwa kuncike ekwakhekeni kwayo kanye nokwelashwa kwayo.

Uma insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic (njenge-304 noma i-316) iba namandla ngenxa yokusebenza okubandayo,ukwelashwa kokushisa (ukufaka i-annealing)ingabuyisela isimo sayo esingesona i-magnetic. Ngesikhathi sokufakelwa, insimbi ishiswa ifike ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu—ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-1050°C no-1100°C—bese ipholiswa ngokushesha. Le nqubo ivumela isakhiwo sekristalu esisontekile ukuthi siguquke sibe yisigaba esiphelele se-austenitic (esingesona i-magnetic).

Nokho,izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-ferritic ne-martensiticayinakwenziwa ingabi namandla kagesi ngokuphelele ngokwelashwa ngokushisa, ngoba isakhiwo sazo esiyisisekelo sinamandla kagesi kagesi ngokwemvelo. Ngisho nangemva kokufakwa kwe-anneal, lawa mabanga agcina izakhiwo ezinamandla kagesi kagesi kagesi.

4. Isayensi Engemuva Kwe-Austenitic Non-Magnetism

Ukuziphatha okungenamagnetic kwensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic kuhlobene kakhulu ne-okuqukethwe kwe-nickelI-Nickel iqinisa isakhiwo se-austenitic ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma okuqukethwe yi-nickel kuphakeme ngokwanele, insimbi igcina i-FCC crystal lattice yayo, engasekeli i-magnetism.

Ngokwesibonelo:

• Uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-304iqukethe i-nickel engu-8–10.5% futhi ihlala ingeyona i-magnetic kakhulu.

• Uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-316, ene-nickel engu-10–14% kanye ne-molybdenum engu-2–3%, inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono kakhulu futhi ihlala ingenawo amandla kazibuthe ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi.

Uma okuqukethwe kwe-nickel kuncipha (njengakumamaki aphansi e-nickel noma “ama-200-series”), insimbi ingabonisa impendulo ethile yamagnetic ngemva kokwenziwa ngoba isakhiwo siba sizinzile kancane.

5. Izici Ezithinta Uzibuthe Ensimbini Engagqwali

Izici eziningana ezibalulekile zinquma ukuthi ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali inamandla kazibuthe noma cha:

a. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinto eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa izinto—i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, ne-manganese—zithinta ibhalansi phakathi kwezigaba ze-austenitic neze-ferritic. I-nickel ne-nitrogen zikhuthaza ukungabi namandla okusebenzisa i-magnetism, kuyilapho i-chromium ne-carbon zikhuthaza amandla okusebenzisa i-magnetism.

b. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa

Ukunamathela kunganciphisa noma kususe amandla okudonsa ezinsimbini ze-austenitic, kuyilapho ukucima noma ukufudumala kungandisa amandla okudonsa emazingeni e-martensitic.

c. Umsebenzi Obandayo Nokucindezeleka Kwemishini

Ukuguquka okufana nokugoqa noma ukunyathela kuveza i-martensite ebangelwa ukucindezeleka, okwenza into ibe namandla amancane noma ngabe yayingeyona amandla kagesi ekuqaleni.

d. Ukushisela

Indawo ethinteke ekushiseni (i-HAZ) ezinsimbini ezingagqwali ezihlanganisiwe ngezinye izikhathi ingabonisa amandla okuzibamba ngenxa yezinguquko zesakhiwo, ikakhulukazi emabangeni amabili noma amathathu.

6. Izicelo Ezidinga Insimbi Engagqwali Engeyona I-Magnetic

Izinsimbi ezingenazinjini zibalulekile ezimbonini laphoukuphazamiseka kwamagnetic kumele kugwenywenoma lapho izakhiwo zikamazibuthe zingathinta ukusebenza. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Izinsimbi zezokwelapha nezokuhlinzwa– Amathuluzi ahambisana ne-MRI kumele angabi namandla kagesi ngokuphelele.

• Izindiza kanye nokuzivikela– Izinhlelo ezithile zokuzulazula zidinga izinto ezingaphazamisi amasimu kazibuthe.

• Izinto zikagesi kanye nokuxhumana– Izinzwa ezizwelayo kanye nezinsimbi kumele zisebenze ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kukazibuthe.

• Imishini ye-Cryogenic kanye ne-vacuum– Izinsimbi ezingezona ezikagesi zivimbela ukukhangwa okungafuneki kukagesi noma ukwakheka kokushisa.

• Imishini yokucubungula yasolwandle kanye namakhemikhali– Amazinga e-Austenitic afana ne-316L ahlinzeka kokubili ukusebenza okungenamagnetic kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.

Kulezi zicelo,I-SAKYSTEELinikeza izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezenziwe ngokunemba ezinezakhiwo eziqinisekisiwe ezingezona ezikagesi, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kanye nokungaguquguquki ezindaweni ezidinga amandla amaningi.

7. Ingabe Izinsimbi Ezingagqwali Ezimbili Zingaba Ezingenazibuthe?

Izinsimbi ezingenalutho ezimbili, njenge2205 (UNS S32205), aqukethe kokubili izigaba ze-austenitic kanye ne-ferritic—cishe 50/50. Ngenxa yalokho, abonisaamandla kazibuthe angapheleleNakuba kungewona amandla kazibuthe ngokuphelele, amandla abo kazibuthe aphansi kunalawo ezinsimbi ze-ferritic kuphela.

Lokhu kwenza amazinga amabili abe usizo lapho amandla okubamba amagnethi amukelekile kodwa kudingeka amandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala—njengasezindaweni ezisetshenziswa uwoyela ogwini, izitshalo zokususa usawoti emanzini, kanye namapayipi okucubungula amakhemikhali.

8. Ukuhlola i-Magnetism ngensimbi engagqwali

I-magnetism ensimbi engagqwali ingalinganiswa ngezindlela eziningana:

a. Ukuhlolwa Okulula Kwemagnethi

Imagnethi ephathwa ngesandla inganquma ngokushesha ukuthi into yensimbi engagqwali inozibuthe noma cha. Uma imagnethi inamathela ngokuqinile, into iwu-ferritic noma i-martensitic; uma ukukhanga kubuthakathaka noma kungekho, kungenzeka ukuthi kuyi-austenitic.

b. Imitha Yokuvunyelwa Kokungena

Ithuluzi elinembile kakhulu, elibizwa ngokuthi i-magnetic permeability meter, lilinganisa i-relative magnetic permeability (µr) yensimbi.

• Izinsimbi ezingezona ezikagesi ngokuphelele zino-µr oseduze no-1.0.

• Izinsimbi ezisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe kancane (ezisebenzisa amandla kancane) zine-µr ephakathi kuka-1.02 no-1.2.

• Izinsimbi ezinamandla kazibuthe zingaba ne-µr ngaphezu kwe-2.0.

c. Ukuhlaziywa Kokwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izihlaziyi eziphathekayo ezifana nezibhamu ze-XRF (X-ray fluorescence) zingaqinisekisa ngokushesha amazinga e-alloy futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi insimbi kulindeleke ukuthi ibe ne-magnetic noma ingabi ne-magnetic.

9. Indlela Abakhiqizi Abalawula Ngayo Uzibuthe

Ekwenzeni izinto zanamuhla, izakhiwo zikagesi zensimbi engagqwali zingalawulwa ngokunembile ngokuklama i-alloy kanye nemingcele yenqubo. Abakhiqizi bavame ukulungisaamazinga e-nickel, i-nitrogen, kanye ne-chromiumukufeza ibhalansi efiselekayo phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-austenitic neze-ferritic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho,izitofu zokufaka umoyangezindawo ezilawulwayo zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokubuyisela izakhiwo ezingezona ezikagesi ezingxenyeni ezisebenza ngokubandayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ezinembe kakhulu njengemishini ye-semiconductor, amakamelo okuhlanza, kanye nezinsimbi.

10. Izinganekwane Ezivamile Ngensimbi Engagqwali Ene-Magnetic

Inganekwane 1: Zonke izinsimbi ezingagqwali azinawo amandla kazibuthe

Lokhu kungamanga. Amagreyidi athile e-austenitic kuphela angenawo amandla kagesi ngokuphelele, kuyilapho amagreyidi e-ferritic kanye ne-martensitic e-magnetic.

Inganekwane 2: Izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezisebenza ngogesi zisezingeni eliphansi

Akulona iqiniso. Uzibuthe awuhlobene nokumelana nokugqwala noma amandla omshini. Eqinisweni, amazinga kazibuthe afana no-430 no-410 asetshenziswa kabanzi ezintweni zasekhishini nasezingxenyeni zezimoto.

Inganekwane 3: Uzibuthe lubonisa insimbi engagqwali empofu

Impendulo yamagnetic ayisho ukuthi insimbi iyimbumbulu noma ayisezingeni eliphansi. Izinsimbi eziningi zangempela ezingama-304 ezingagqwali zingabonisa amandla abuthakathaka okudonsa ngemuva kokwenziwa.

Inganekwane 4: Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kungenza noma iyiphi insimbi engagqwali ingabi namandla kazibuthe

Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kusebenza kuphela kuma-austenitic grades. Izinsimbi ze-Ferritic neze-martensitic azikwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele kumagnet ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esingokwemvelo.

11. Isibonelo Somhlaba Wangempela: Insimbi Engagqwali Engagqwali Engu-304 Engagqwali

Cabanga ngebha yensimbi engagqwali engu-304 eba namandla kagesi ngemva kokudweba okubandayo kakhulu. Ukuze ingabi namandla kagesi futhi, ingaba namandla kagesi kagesi.kufakwe ku-1080°Culandelwa nguukucima amanzi ngokusheshaLe nqubo iqeda i-martensite ebangelwa ukucindezeleka futhi ibuyisela isigaba se-austenitic esimsulwa.

Kodwa-ke, umphumela uncike nasekubunjweni—uma okuqukethwe yi-nickel kuphansi kancane noma uma kunezigaba ze-ferritic ezisele, insimbi ingase ingabi namandla ngokuphelele.

12. Ukukhetha Insimbi Engagqwali Efanele Yezicelo Ezingezona EzikaMagnetic

Uma ukusebenza okungenamagnetic kubalulekile, ukukhethwa kwezinto kufanele kusekelwe kokubiliukwakheka kwamakhemikhalifuthiinqubo yokukhiqizaOkulandelayo yizinketho ezithembekile ezingezona ezikagesi: