He aha i kore ai he kowiri tira?

Ko te rino kore waikura tētahi o ngā rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana hoki i te ao hou. Mai i ngā taputapu kīhini me ngā taputapu hauora ki ngā whare teitei, ngā paipa, me ngā wāhanga rererangi, kua noho te rino kore waikura hei tohu mō te pakari, te ma, me te pono. Engari kotahi te pātai e puta pinepine ana:He aha te mea he kowiri tira te maitai?

Kei roto i tōna hanganga matū ahurei me te kaupapa o te whakakorenga, e hoatu ana ki te maitai kore waikura tōna ātete tino pai ki te waikura me te pirau. E tūhuratia ana e tēnei tuhinga te pūtaiao kei muri i te kore waikura o te maitai kore waikura, tōna hītori, āna whakamahinga, me ngā āhuatanga e whakarite ana kia mau tonu tana mahi pono i roto i ngā ahumahi o te ao.

Te Whānautanga o te Kowiri tira

I ahu mai te kowiri tira i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. I te tau 1913, i kitea ohoreretia e te tohunga whakarewa Ingarihi a Harry Brearley he pai ake te ātete o te rino ki te waikura mā te tāpiri i te chromium ki te rino. Nā tēnei kitenga i whānau mai ai te kowiri tira, he rauemi i huri i te hanga me te hanga.

Mai i taua wā, kua whanake te maitai kore waikura hei whānau o ngā koranu he rerekē ngā taumata me ngā āhuatanga kua whakaritea mō ngā tono motuhake. Engari ko te take matua mō tōna ātete ki te waikura kei te mau tonu: ko te chromium.

Te Tūranga o te Chromium

Ko te kaupapa matua o te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura kochromium, he huānga whakarewa matua.

• Whakaritenga Iti rawaMe whai i te iti rawa 10.5 ōrau te konukōmiuma i roto i te maitai kore waikura.

• Te Hanganga o te Papa WaikuraIna pāngia e te hāora, ka tauhohe te chromium hei hanga i tētahi paparanga waikura angiangi, pumau (waikura chromium, Cr₂O₃) ki runga i te mata.

• Pānga ĀraiKa ārai tēnei kiriata waikura i te uru o te hāora me te makuku ki roto i te maitai, ka tiaki i te konganuku o raro.

• Te Taonga Whakaora-ā-IhoKi te rakurakuhia te mata, ka huri wawe te paparanga waikura i te aroaro o te hāora, kia mau tonu ai te tiakitanga.

Ko tēnei āheinga ahurei ki te hanga i tētahi paparanga tiaki kore e hanga ana i te maitai kore waikura hei "kowiri tira".

Te Mātāpono o te Whakakorekore

Ko te whakawāteatanga te tukanga e ātete ai te maitai kore waikura ki te waikura. He rerekē ki ngā paninga, ki ngā peita rānei ka memeha, ko te kiriata tiaki o te maitai kore waikura hewhakauru, ā, ka whakahoutia anō.

• Te pakariAhakoa i roto i ngā taiao kino, ka mau tonu te kiriata waikura.

• Te Pūmautanga MatūKa ātete te paparanga kore mahi ki te maha o ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, me ngā matū.

• Te Tiaki ItiNā te ngoikore o te maitai, he iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana mō te maitai kore waikura, ki te whakaritea ki te maitai waro, ki te rino rānei.

Ngā Huānga Whakakotahi Tāpiri

Ahakoa ko te chromium te pūtake o te ātete ki te waikura, ka whakarei ake ētahi atu huānga i te mahi a te maitai kore waikura:

• NikaraKa whakapai ake i te ngāwari, te pakari, ā, ka whakarei ake i te ātete ki ngā taiao waikawa.

• MolibdenumaKa whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura i puta mai i te hauota, pērā i te wai moana.

• Hauota: Whakarei ake i te kaha me te ātete ki te pakaru.

• Waro: Ka whakahaeretia i ngā taumata iti hei ārai i te maturuturunga o te warowaiha, ka ngoikore ai te ātete ki te waikura.

Mā ngā huinga rerekē o ēnei huānga ka hangaia he momo maitai kore waikura rerekē, ia mea e tika ana mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake.

He aha te ātete o te maitai kore waikura

Ko te waikura te hua o te tauhohenga o te rino ki te hāora me te makuku, ka puta he waikura rino. I roto i te maitai waro noa, ka haere tonu tēnei tukanga kia tino pirau rawa te rauemi.

I roto i te kowiri tira:

• Ka puta te waikura chromium, kaua te waikura rino.

• Kāore tēnei waikura e pupū ake ana, he piripono, ā, he tiaki anō hoki.

• Ka ārai te kiriata tiaki i te waikura anō, he rerekē ki te waikura e memeha haere ana, e whakaatu ana i te konganuku hou.

Nō reira, ka ātete te maitai kore waikura ki te horapa tonu o te waikura e whakararuraru ana i ngā maitai noa.

Ngā momo rerekē o te maitai kore waikura

1. Kowiri tira Austenitic

   • He nui ngā taumata o te chromium me te nickel kei roto.

   • Kore-aukume, he ātete pai rawa atu ki te waikura.

   • Whakamahia ana i roto i te tukatuka kai, i ngā taputapu hauora, me ngā hanganga hoahoanga.

2. Kowiri tira Ferritic

   • He nui te chromium engari he iti te nickel.

   • Aukume, he ātete pai ki te waikura ahotea.

   • He mea noa i roto i ngā wāhanga motuka me ngā taputapu ahumahi.

3. Kowiri tira Martensitic

   • He nui ake te ihirangi waro mō te kaha me te mārō.

   • Kāore i te tino ātete ki te waikura engari he tino pai mō ngā taputapu me ngā mata.

4. Kowiri tira takirua

   • Ka whakakotahi i ngā hanganga austenitic me ferritic.

   • He kaha teitei me te ātete ki te pakaru waikura.

   • E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hinu, hau, me te moana.

5. Kowiri tira whakapakeke-ua

   • Ka tukuna he kaha teitei mā te maimoatanga wera.

   • Whakamahia i roto i ngā rāngai rererangi me te tiaki.

Ngā Whakamahinga o te Kowiri tira

Nā te ātete ki te waikura, he mea nui te maitai kore waikura puta noa i ngā ahumahi:

• Kai me te InuNgā tāke, ngā paipa, me ngā taputapu e hiahia ana kia akuakuhia, kia ngāwari hoki te horoi.

• Hauora me te RongoāNgā taputapu pokanga, ngā mea tāpiri, me ngā taputapu taiwhanga.

• HangangaNgā mata o mua, ngā tuanui, me ngā tautoko hanganga i roto i ngā whare me ngā piriti.

• Te kawe wakaNgā pūnaha hau whakaputanga o ngā waka, ngā wāhanga rererangi, me te hanga kaipuke.

• PūngaoNgā tipu hiko, ngā papa hinu taimoana, me ngā pūnaha pūngao hou.

Ko te kaha o te maitai kore waikura ki te noho ma, ki te kore waikura, me te pakari i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino te whakamārama i tōna mana nui i roto i ēnei rāngai.

Ngā Āhuatanga Ka Pā Ki Te Kore-Waihanga

Ahakoa he tino ātete te maitai kore waikura ki te waikura, kāore i te tino ātete ki ngā āhuatanga kino. Ko ngā mea ka pā ki tōna mahi ko:

• Ngā hauroreKa taea e ngā kukū nui o te pūhaumāota, pērā i te wai moana, te whakararu i ngā poka wai i ngā taumata iti iho.

• Ngā Pāmahana Teitei: Tērā pea ka waikura, ka ngaro rānei ngā āhuatanga tiaki o ētahi momo i ngā pāmahana teitei.

• Te Pakaru Ā-MīhiniKa taea e ngā karawarawa hōhonu, te poke rānei o ngā matūriki maitai waro te whakararu i te korenga o te mahi.

• Te Tiaki HēKa taea e te whakamahi i ngā matū kaha pēnei i te mākū te kino i te paparanga kore mahi.

Mā te whiriwhiri i te momo tika me te tiaki tika i te maitai kore waikura ka noho tonu ōna āhuatanga kowiri tira.

Te Tiaki i ngā Mata Kowiri tira

Hei whakanui ake i te roa o te ora o te maitai kore waikura, ka whai ngā ahumahi i ēnei tikanga:

• Te horoi i ia wā me ngā hopi horoi ngawari.

• Te karo i ngā rauemi whakakoi e rakuraku ana i ngā mata.

• Te whakamahi i ngā maimoatanga passivation hei whakarei ake i te pumau o te paparanga waikura.

• Te aroturuki i te pānga ki te pūhaumāota me te whiriwhiri i ngā momo koranu-molybdenum ina hiahiatia.

Te Painga Taiao

Ehara i te mea he kowiri tira anake te maitai kore waikura, engari he pumau anō hoki:

• 100% Ka taea te hangarua anōKa taea te hangarua ake tonu atu, me te kore e ngaro te kounga.

• Huringa Ora RoaMā te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakakapinga ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.

• Mata Āhua MaNā te ngāwari ki te horoi, he mea tino pai mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana kia horoia.

Ngā kamupene pēnei isakysteelte whakanui i te hanga e aro nui ana ki te taiao, me te whakarite kia noho tonu te kowiri tira hei otinga hangarau, hei otinga pumau hoki.

Te Tirohanga ā-Mārama

I te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi, ka noho tonu te maitai kore waikura hei mahi matua. Ko ngā whanaketanga ā muri ake nei e aro ana ki:

• Ngā Koranu MatatauTe waihanga i ngā momo me te ātete teitei ake ki ngā pūhaumāota me ngā pāmahana tino kino.

• Ngā Paninga Hangarau NanoTe whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga patu huakita me te horoi-ake.

• Te Whakaputa KakarikiTe whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro i roto i te hanga maitai kore waikura.

Mā te auahatanga tonu, ka noho tonu te maitai kore waikura hei mea nui i roto i ngā rāngai hangahanga, hauora, kawe waka, me te pūngao.

Whakamutunga

Nā, he aha te take he kowiri tira te kowiri tira? Kei te aroaro o te chromium te whakautu, e hanga ana i tētahi paparanga waikura kore e whakaora ana i a ia anō e ārai ana i te waikura me te pirau. I te whakakotahitanga me ētahi atu huānga whakarewa, ka hoatu e tēnei ki te kowiri tira tōna pakari ahurei, tōna ngāwari ki te whakamahi, me ōna āhuatanga akuaku.

Mai i ngā whare teitei me ngā kaipuke ki ngā taputapu pokanga me ngā taputapu kīhini, mā te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai kore waikura ka pono ai ngā ahumahi katoa. Mā te whiriwhiri tika, te tiaki, me te auahatanga ka whakarei ake i ōna āhuatanga kowiri tira.

Ngā kamupene pēnei isakysteelkei te haere tonu ki te tuku hua kowiri tira e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao, kia whai wāhi atu ai ngā umanga ki ngā rauemi pono, pumau, me te mahi teitei mō ngā rā kei te heke mai.