Sei Simbi Isina Kugadzirwa?

Simbi isina ngura ndeimwe yezvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye zvinozivikanwa munyika yemazuva ano. Kubva kumidziyo yekicheni nemidziyo yekurapa kusvika kuzvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, mapaipi, uye zvikamu zvemuchadenga, simbi isina ngura yave kunzi inogara kwenguva refu, kuchena, uye kuvimbika. Asi mubvunzo mumwe chete unowanzo buda:Sei simbi isina ngura isina ngura?

Mhinduro yacho iri mukuumbwa kwayo kwakasiyana kwemakemikari uye musimboti wepassivation, izvo zvinoita kuti simbi isingatsvinyike irambe yakasimba pakurwisa ngura nengura. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora sainzi iri shure kwekusatsvinda kwesimbi isingatsvinyi, nhoroondo yayo, mashandisirwo ayo, uye zvinhu zvinoita kuti irambe ichishanda zvakanaka mumaindasitiri pasi rese.

Kuberekwa kweSimbi Isina Zvisimbiso

Kwakatangira simbi isina ngura kwakabva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Muna 1913, nyanzvi yesimbi yeEngland Harry Brearley yakawana netsaona kuti kuwedzera chromium musimbi kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kudzivirira kwayo ngura. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza kutanga kwesimbi isina ngura, chinhu chakachinja kugadzirwa nekuvaka.

Kubva ipapo, simbi isingasvibi yashanduka kuita mhuri yesimbi dzine mhando dzakasiyana uye hunhu hwakagadzirirwa mashandisirwo akasiyana. Asi chikonzero chikuru chekudzivirira kwayo ngura chinoramba chiri chimwe chete: chromium.

Basa reChromium

Chinhu chikuru chinodzivirira ngura yesimbi isina ngura ndechekutichromium, chinhu chakakosha chekubatanidza zvinhu.

• Chinodiwa Chishoma: Simbi isina ngura inofanira kunge iine 10.5 muzana yechromium.

• Kuumbwa kweOxide Layer: Kana yaiswa muokisijeni, chromium inoita seinobuda kuti igadzire ganda rakatetepa, rakagadzikana re oxide (chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃) pamusoro.

• Mhedzisiro Yechipingamupinyi: Firimu iyi ye oxide inodzivirira okisijeni nehunyoro kuti zvisapinde musimbi, zvichidzivirira simbi iri pasi.

• Zvivakwa Zvinozvirapa: Kana pamusoro pakakwenywa, oxide layer inochinja ipapo ipapo kana paine okisijeni, zvichiita kuti dziviriro irambe iripo.

Kugona uku kunoshamisa kugadzira jira rinodzivirira ndiko kunoita kuti simbi isina ngura "isave isina ngura".

Nheyo yePassivation

Kupfuudza simbi isingatsvinda (passivation) inzira inoshandiswa nesimbi isingatsvinda ngura. Kusiyana nependi dzinopfekwa kana kuti pendi dzinogona kupera, firimu rekudzivirira resimbi isingatsvinda (stainless steel) ndiro rinoita kuti simbi isatsvinda irambe ichingoora.kusanganisa zvese uye kuzvivandudza.

• Kugara kwenguva refu: Kunyangwe munzvimbo dzakaoma, firimu re oxide rinoramba riripo.

• Kugadzikana kweMakemikari: Chikamu chisina simba chinodzivisa maasidhi akawanda, alkali, uye makemikari.

• Kugadziriswa Kushoma: Nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka, simbi isingatsvi inoda kugadziriswa kushoma kana tichienzanisa nesimbi yekabhoni kana simbi.

Zvimwe Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakusanganisa Alloying

Kunyange zvazvo chromium ichipa hwaro hwekudzivirira ngura, zvimwe zvinhu zvinowedzera kushanda kwesimbi isina ngura:

• Nickel: Inovandudza kugona kwayo kusimba, kusimba, uye inowedzera kuramba kwayo munzvimbo dzine acid.

• Molybdenum: Inowedzera kusimba kwengura inokonzerwa nekloridhi, senge mumvura yegungwa.

• Nitrogen: Inowedzera simba uye kuramba makomba.

• Kabhoni: Inodzorwa padanho rakaderera kudzivirira kunaya kwekabhoni, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kuramba ngura.

Kusanganiswa kwakasiyana kwezvinhu izvi kunoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzisina ngura, imwe neimwe yakakodzera kushandiswa kwadzo.

Sei Simbi Isina Zvisimbiso Isingapindi Nguruva?

Ngura imhaka yesimbi inosangana neokisijeni nehunyoro, zvichigadzira maokisijeni esimbi. Musimbi yakajairwa yekabhoni, maitiro aya anoenderera mberi kusvika chinhu chacho chaora zvachose.

Musimbi isina ngura:

• Chromium oxide inoumbwa panzvimbo pesimbi oxide.

• Okisijeni iyi haina maburi, inonamira, uye inodzivirira.

• Firimu rekudzivirira rinodzivirira kuwedzera kwe oxidation, kusiyana nengura iyo inoputika yoburitsa simbi itsva pachena.

Saka, simbi isingasvibi inodzivirira kupararira kusingaperi kwengura kunotambudza simbi dzakajairika.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzeSimbi Isina Zvisimbiso

1. Simbi Isina Kusimba YekuAustenitic

   • Ine huwandu hwakawanda hwechromium nenickel.

   • Isingashandise magineti, inodzivirira ngura zvakanaka.

   • Inoshandiswa mukugadzira chikafu, zvishandiso zvekurapa, uye muzvivakwa zvekuvaka.

2. Simbi Isina Kusimba yeFerritic

   • Yakapfuma mu chromium asi ine nickel shoma.

   • Magnetic, ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura yekumanikidzwa.

   • Inowanikwa muzvikamu zvemotokari nemidziyo yeindasitiri.

3. Simbi Isina Simba yeMartensitic

   • Kabhoni yakawanda inokonzera simba nekuoma.

   • Haipindi ngura zvakanyanya asi yakanakira maturusi nemapazi.

4. Simbi Isina Kusimba Duplex

   • Inobatanidza maumbirwo e austenitic ne ferritic.

   • Simba guru uye kuramba kupwanyika kwengura inorema.

   • Inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emafuta, gasi, uye emugungwa.

5. Simbi Isina Kuomarara-Inonatsa

   • Inopa simba rakawanda kuburikidza nekupisa.

   • Inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvendege nekudzivirira.

Mashandisirwo eSimbi Isina Kushanda

Nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo ngura, simbi isingasvibi chinhu chakakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana:

• Chikafu neChinwiwa: Matangi, mapaipi, nemidziyo inoda hutsanana uye kucheneswa zviri nyore.

• Zvekurapa uye Zvemishonga: Zvishandiso zvekuvhiya, maimplants, uye michina yemurabhoritari.

• Kuvaka: Mahwindo, denga, uye zvinotsigira zvivakwa nemabhiriji.

• Kutakurwa: Masisitimu eutsi hwemotokari, zvikamu zvendege, uye kuvaka ngarava.

• Simba: Zvivakwa zvemagetsi, nzvimbo dzemafuta dziri kunze kwenyika, uye masisitimu esimba rinogona kushandiswazve.

Kugona kwesimbi isina ngura kuramba yakachena, isina ngura, uye yakasimba mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunotsanangura kutonga kwayo muzvikamu izvi.

Zvinhu Zvinogona Kukanganisa Kusapisa

Kunyange hazvo simbi isingasvibi ngura zvakanyanya, haina kudzivirirwa zvachose. Zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro ayo zvinosanganisira:

• Machloride: Kuwanda kwechloride, senge mumvura yegungwa, kunogona kukonzera ngura mumakomba ari pasi.

• Kupisa Kwakakwirira: Mamwe magiredhi anogona kuoxidation kana kurasikirwa neproperties dzekudzivirira pakupisa kwakakwira.

• Kukuvara kweMichina: Kukwenya kwakadzika kana kusvibiswa nesimbi yekabhoni kunogona kukanganisa kufamba kwechinhu.

• Kugadzirisa Zvisina KunakaKushandisa makemikari akaomarara akadai sebleach kunogona kukuvadza chikamu chechinhu chisina kuvharwa.

Kusarudza simbi yakanaka uye kuchengetedza simbi isina tsvina nemazvo kunoita kuti simbi yacho isaparare.

Kugadziriswa kweNzvimbo dzeSimbi Dzisina Kugadzika

Kuti simbi isingatsvi, maindasitiri anotevedzera maitiro aya:

• Kuchenesa nguva dzose nesipo dzisina kusimba.

• Kudzivisa zvinhu zvinokwenya zvinokwenya pamusoro.

• Kushandisa nzira dzekugadzirisa ganda kuti rive rakagadzikana.

• Kutarisa kusvibiswa kwechloride uye kusarudza mhando dzakasanganiswa nemolybdenum kana zvichidikanwa.

Kubatsira Kwezvakatipoteredza

Simbi isina ngura haingori chete isina ngura asiwo inochengetedza nguva:

• 100% Inogona Kudzokororwa: Inogona kudzokororwazve nekusingaperi pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu.

• Kutenderera Kwehupenyu Hurefu: Kuderera kwekuda kwezvinotsiviwa kunoderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

• Nzvimbo ine Utsanana: Kuchena kwayo kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa kunoda hutsanana.

Makambani akaita sesakysteelkusimbisa kugadzirwa kwesimbi isina tsvina ine mutoro kune zvakatipoteredza, zvichiita kuti simbi isingatsvi irambe iri mhinduro yehunyanzvi uye inogara kwenguva refu.

Maonero Eramangwana

Sezvo maindasitiri achichinja, simbi isingasvibi icharamba ichiita basa guru. Zvivako zveramangwana zvinotarisa pane zvinotevera:

• MaAlloys Epamusoro: Kugadzira mhando dzine simba rakanyanya rekudzivirira ma chloride uye tembiricha dzakanyanya.

• Kupfeka kweNanotechnology: Kuvandudza hunhu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona uye hwekuzvichenesa.

• Kugadzirwa Kwezvirimwa: Kuderedza kuburitswa kwekabhoni mukugadzirwa kwesimbi isingasvibi.

Nekuvandudzwa kuri kuitwa nguva dzose, simbi isingasvibi icharamba yakakosha mukuvaka, hutano, kutakura, uye simba.

Mhedziso

Saka, sei simbi isina ngura isina ngura? Mhinduro iri mukuvapo kwechromium, iyo inoumba jira re oxide rinozviporesa rinodzivirira ngura nekuora. Pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisa, izvi zvinoita kuti simbi isina ngura igare kwenguva refu, ishande zvakasiyana-siyana, uye ive nehutsanana.

Kubva pazvivakwa zvakakura nezvikepe kusvika kumidziyo yekuvhiya nemidziyo yekicheni, simbi isingatsvinyi ngura inoita kuti ive yakavimbika mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Kusarudzwa kwakakodzera, kugadziriswa, uye hunyanzvi zvinowedzera kusimudzira hunhu hwayo hwesimbi isingatsvinyi ngura.

Makambani akadai sesakysteelkuramba vachiendesa zvigadzirwa zvesimbi isingasvibi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa pasi rose, vachiona kuti maindasitiri anowana zvinhu zvakavimbika, zvinogara kwenguva refu, uye zvinoshanda zvakanaka mune ramangwana.