Kutheni I-Stainless Steel Ingenasici?

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu neziqatshelweyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ukususela kwizitya zasekhitshini nakwizixhobo zonyango ukuya kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo, imibhobho, kunye neendawo zeenqwelo-moya, intsimbi engagqwaliyo iye yafana nokuqina, ukucoceka, kunye nokuthembeka. Kodwa umbuzo omnye uhlala uphakama:Kutheni intsimbi engagqwaliyo ingenasici?

Impendulo ikwindlela elakhiwe ngayo iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nomgaqo we-passivation, onika intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukumelana nokugqwala nokubola. Eli nqaku liphonononga isayensi engasemva kokungabi nagqwali kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo, imbali yayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nezinto eziqinisekisa ukuba iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuthembekileyo kumashishini kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukuzalwa kweNsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Imvelaphi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo iqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngo-1913, ingcali yesinyithi yaseNgilani uHarry Brearley ngempazamo yafumanisa ukuba ukongeza i-chromium kwintsimbi kuphucula kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nomhlwa. Olu vumbululo luphawu lokuzalwa kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo, into eyaguqula imveliso kunye nolwakhiwo.

Ukususela ngoko, intsimbi engagqwaliyo iye yavela yaba lusapho lwee-alloys ezinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okuthile. Kodwa isizathu esiphambili sokumelana kwayo nokugqwala sisafana: i-chromium.

Indima yeChromium

Eyona nto iphambili ekuchaseni ukugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwaliyoi-chromium, into ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa.

• Imfuneko Encinci: Intsimbi engatyiwayo kufuneka ibe ne-chromium eyi-10.5 ekhulwini ubuncinane.

• Ukwenziwa kweLeya yeOkside: Xa ichaphazeleka yioksijini, i-chromium isabela ukuze yenze umaleko we-oxide obhityileyo nozinzileyo (i-chromium oxide, i-Cr₂O₃) phezu komphezulu.

• Isiphumo Somqobo: Le filime ye-oxide ithintela ioksijini kunye nokufuma ukuba kungangeni kwintsimbi, ikhusela isinyithi esingaphantsi.

• Ipropati YokuziphilisaUkuba umphezulu ukrwelwe, umaleko we-oxide uyatshintsha ngoko nangoko xa kukho ioksijini, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo.

Olu buchule bukhethekileyo bokwenza umaleko okhuselayo yilo nto eyenza intsimbi engagqwaliyo “ingabi nazintsimbi.”

Umgaqo woPhatha

I-passivation yinkqubo apho intsimbi engagqwaliyo ixhathisa ukugqwala. Ngokungafaniyo neengubo okanye iipeyinti ezinokuguga, ifilimu yokukhusela yentsimbi engagqwaliyoukuzibandakanya kunye nokuzihlaziya.

• Ukuqina: Nokuba kwiindawo ezinzima, ifilimu ye-oxide ihlala injalo.

• Uzinzo lweeKhemikhali: Umaleko ongasebenziyo uxhathisa ii-asidi ezininzi, ii-alkalis, kunye neekhemikhali.

• Ukugcinwa Okuphantsi: Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ifuna ukulungiswa okuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yekhabhoni okanye intsimbi.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo ze-Alloying

Nangona i-chromium inika isiseko sokumelana nokugqwala, ezinye izinto ziyayiphucula ukusebenza kwentsimbi engagqwali:

• I-Nickel: Iphucula ukuqina, ukuqina, kwaye yonyusa ukumelana neendawo ezine-asidi.

• I-Molybdenum: Yonyusa ukumelana nokugqwala okubangelwa yikloridi, njengakumanzi olwandle.

• I-nitrogen: Yomeleza amandla kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwemingxuma.

• Ikhabhoni: Ilawulwa kumanqanaba aphantsi ukuthintela ukuna kwe-carbide, okunokwenza buthathaka ukumelana nokugqwala.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezi zinto zenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, nganye ilungele ukusetyenziswa okuthile.

Kutheni Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo Ingamelani Nokugqwala

Umhlwa sisiphumo sentsimbi esabela kwioksijini kunye nokufuma, nto leyo eyenza ii-iron oxides. Kwintsimbi yekhabhoni eqhelekileyo, le nkqubo iyaqhubeka ide loo nto yonakale ngokupheleleyo.

Kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo:

• I-chromium oxide yakha endaweni ye-iron oxide.

• Le oxide ayinazo imingxuma, inamathela, kwaye iyakhusela.

• Ifilimu ekhuselayo ithintela i-oxidation engaphezulu, ngokungafaniyo nomhlwa oqhekekayo uze uveze isinyithi esitsha.

Ngoko ke, intsimbi engagqwaliyo iyamelana nokwanda okungapheliyo kokugqwala okuthwaxa iintsimbi eziqhelekileyo.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeNtsimbi engagqwaliyo

1. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic

   • Iqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu e-chromium kunye ne-nickel.

   • Ayinamagnethi, inamandla okuchasa ukugqwala.

   • Isetyenziswa ekucwangcisweni kokutya, kwizixhobo zonyango, nakwizakhiwo zokwakha.

2. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo yeFerritic

   • Ityebile kwi-chromium kodwa ine-nickel encinci.

   • I-Magnetic, enokumelana kakuhle nokugqwala koxinzelelo.

   • Ixhaphakile kwiindawo zeemoto nakwizixhobo zoshishino.

3. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo yeMartensitic

   • Umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni uqinisekisa amandla nokuqina.

   • Ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kakhulu kodwa ilungele kakhulu izixhobo kunye neebhleyidi.

4. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo Ephindwe Kabini

   • Idibanisa izakhiwo ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic.

   • Amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lokugqwala.

   • Isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yeoyile, igesi, kunye neyolwandle.

5. Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo Eyenza Ube Nomswakama

   • Inika amandla aphezulu ngonyango lobushushu.

   • Isetyenziswa kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya kunye nezokhuselo.

Usetyenziso lweNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala, intsimbi engagqwali ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini onke:

• Ukutya neZiselo: Iitanki, imibhobho, kunye nezixhobo ezifuna ucoceko kunye nokucocwa okulula.

• Ezonyango kunye nezamayezaIzixhobo zotyando, izinto ezifakelweyo, kunye nezixhobo zelebhu.

• Ulwakhiwo: Iifacade, uphahla, kunye nezixhaso zesakhiwo kwizakhiwo nakwiibhulorho.

• Uthutho: Iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya kwiimoto, izinto zeenqwelo-moya, kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa.

• Amandla: Izikhululo zamandla, izixhobo zeoyile zaselwandle, kunye neenkqubo zamandla avuselelekayo.

Ukukwazi kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuhlala icocekile, ingenamhlwa, kwaye iqinile phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kuchaza ukuba inamandla kangakanani kwezi candelo.

Izinto Ezinokuchaphazela Ukungabi Nazintsimbi

Nangona intsimbi engagqwaliyo ikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kakhulu, ayinayo ngokupheleleyo impembelelo. Izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo ziquka:

• Iikloridi: Amanqanaba aphezulu e-chloride, njengakumanzi olwandle, anokubangela ukubola kwemingxuma kwiindawo eziphantsi.

• Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu: Amanqanaba athile anokuthi anyibilike okanye alahlekelwe ziimpawu zokukhusela xa amaqondo obushushu ephezulu.

• Umonakalo woomatshini: Imikrwelo enzulu okanye ungcoliseko oluvela kwiinxalenye zentsimbi yekhabhoni lunokuphazamisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesikhumba.

• Ulondolozo OlungafanelekangaUkusebenzisa iikhemikhali ezinobungozi ezifana ne-bleach kunokonakalisa umaleko ongasebenziyo.

Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo kunye nokugcina intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngokufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu zayo ezingagqwaliyo zihlala zinjalo.

Ukugcinwa kweMiphezulu yeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Ukuze intsimbi engagqwaliyo ihlale ixesha elide, amashishini alandela le migaqo:

• Ukucoca rhoqo ngeesepha ezithambileyo.

• Ukuphepha izinto ezirhabaxa ezikrwela umphezulu.

• Ukusebenzisa unyango lwe-passivation ukuphucula uzinzo lwe-oxide layer.

• Ukubeka iliso ekubonakalisweni kwe-chloride kunye nokukhetha amanqanaba e-molybdenum-alloyed xa kuyimfuneko.

Inzuzo yokusingqongileyo

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayigcini nje ngokuba yintsimbi engagqwaliyo kodwa ikwahlala ixesha elide:

• Ingasetyenziswa kwakhona nge-100%: Ingaphinda isetyenziswe ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumgangatho.

• Umjikelo woBomi obude: Ukunciphisa imfuneko yokutshintshwa kwezinto kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

• Umphezulu ococekileyoUkucoceka kwayo kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kwiimfuno zococeko.

Iinkampani ezifanai-sakysteelkugxininiswe kwimveliso enoxanduva lokusingqongileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsimbi engagqwaliyo ihlala isisombululo sobuchwephesha nesizinzileyo.

Imbono yexesha elizayo

Njengoko amashishini etshintsha, intsimbi engagqwaliyo iya kuqhubeka nokudlala indima ephambili. Uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lugxile koku kulandelayo:

• Ii-Alloys eziPhambili: Ukudala amanqanaba anokumelana okuphezulu ngakumbi neekloridi kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

• Iingubo zeNanotechnology: Ukuphucula iipropati zokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokuzicoca.

• Imveliso Eluhlaza: Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwimveliso yentsimbi engagqwaliyo.

Ngotshintsho oluqhubekayo, intsimbi engagqwaliyo iya kuhlala ibalulekile kumacandelo okwakha, ezempilo, ezothutho, kunye namandla.

Isiphelo

Ngoko ke, kutheni intsimbi engagqwaliyo ingenasici? Impendulo ikubukho be-chromium, eyenza umaleko we-oxide ongazinyangiyo othintela ukugqwala nokubola. Xa idibene nezinye izinto ezidibanisa intsimbi, oku kunika intsimbi engagqwali ukuqina kwayo okukhethekileyo, ukuguquguquka kwayo, kunye neempawu zayo zococeko.

Ukususela kwizakhiwo ezinde kunye neenqanawa ukuya kwizixhobo zotyando kunye nezixhobo zasekhitshini, ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kuyo yonke imboni. Ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo, ukugcinwa, kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kuphucula ngakumbi iimpawu zayo ezingagqwaliyo.

Iinkampani ezifanai-sakysteelbayaqhubeka nokuhambisa iimveliso zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yehlabathi, beqinisekisa ukuba amashishini anokufikelela kwizixhobo ezithembekileyo, ezizinzileyo, nezisebenza kakuhle kwixesha elizayo.