Kungani Insimbi Engagqwali Ingenasici?

Insimbi engagqwali ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi eziqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wanamuhla. Kusukela ezitsheni zasekhishini namadivayisi ezokwelapha kuya ezakhiweni eziphakeme, amapayipi, nezingxenye zezindiza, insimbi engagqwali isibe yinto efanayo nokuqina, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokuthembeka. Kodwa umbuzo owodwa uvame ukuvela:Kungani insimbi engagqwali ingenasici?

Impendulo itholakala ekwakhekeni kwayo kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile kanye nesimiso sokungasebenzi, okunikeza insimbi engagqwali ukumelana kwayo okungavamile nokugqwala nokugqwala. Lesi sihloko sihlola isayensi ngemuva kokungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi engagqwali, umlando wayo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye nezici eziqinisekisa ukuthi iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokwethembeka ezimbonini emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuzalwa Kwensimbi Engagqwali

Imvelaphi yensimbi engagqwali isukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngo-1913, isazi sensimbi saseNgilandi uHarry Brearley sathola ngephutha ukuthi ukufaka i-chromium ensimbini kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Lokhu kutholwa kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwensimbi engagqwali, into eyashintsha kakhulu ukukhiqiza nokwakha.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, insimbi engagqwali iye yavela yaba umndeni wama-alloy anezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezakhiwo ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa okuthile. Kodwa isizathu esiyinhloko sokumelana kwayo nokugqwala sisalokhu sifana: i-chromium.

Indima Ye-Chromium

Inhliziyo yokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali yii-chromium, isici sokuhlanganisa esiyisihluthulelo.

• Isidingo Esincane: Insimbi engagqwali kumele ibe ne-chromium okungenani engu-10.5%.

• Ukwakheka Kwezingqimba Ze-Oxide: Uma itholakala emoyeni, i-chromium iyasabela ukuze yakhe ungqimba lwe-oxide oluncane noluzinzile (i-chromium oxide, i-Cr₂O₃) phezu kobuso.

• Umphumela Wesithiyo: Le filimu ye-oxide ivimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama ukuthi kungangeni ensimbini, ivikele insimbi engaphansi.

• Impahla YokuziphilisaUma ubuso buklwebhekile, ungqimba lwe-oxide luyashintsha ngokushesha lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, okuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuqhubekayo.

Leli khono eliyingqayizivele lokwenza ungqimba oluvikelayo yilona elenza insimbi engagqwali “ingabi yinsimbi.”

Isimiso Sokungaziphathi Kahle

I-passivation inqubo lapho insimbi engagqwali imelana nokugqwala. Ngokungafani nezingubo noma upende ongaguga, ifilimu evikelayo yensimbi engagqwali iyaguga.okubalulekile nokuzivuselela.

• UkuqinaNgisho nasezindaweni ezinzima, ifilimu ye-oxide ihlala injalo.

• Ukuzinza Kwamakhemikhali: Ungqimba olungasebenzi lumelana nama-acid amaningi, ama-alkali, namakhemikhali.

• Ukulungiswa Okuphansi: Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle, insimbi engagqwali idinga ukunakekelwa okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yekhabhoni noma insimbi.

Izinto ezengeziwe zokuhlanganisa

Nakuba i-chromium inikeza isisekelo sokumelana nokugqwala, ezinye izakhi zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwensimbi engagqwali:

• I-Nickel: Kuthuthukisa ukuqina, ukuqina, futhi kuthuthukisa ukumelana ezindaweni ezine-asidi.

• I-Molybdenum: Kwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala okubangelwa yi-chloride, njengasemanzini olwandle.

• I-nitrogen: Kuthuthukisa amandla kanye nokumelana nokugoba.

• Ikhabhoni: Kulawulwa emazingeni aphansi ukuvimbela ukuna kwe-carbide, okunganciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala.

Inhlanganisela ehlukene yalezi zinto idala amazinga ahlukahlukene ensimbi engagqwali, ngalinye lifanele ukusetshenziswa okuthile.

Kungani Insimbi Engagqwali Imelana Nokugqwala

Ukugqwala kuwumphumela wensimbi esabela nomoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama, kwakha ama-iron oxides. Ensimbini yekhabhoni evamile, le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho izinto seziwohlokile ngokuphelele.

Ngensimbi engagqwali:

• I-chromium oxide yakha esikhundleni se-iron oxide.

• Le oxide ayinazo izimbobo, inamathela, futhi iyavikela.

• Ifilimu evikelayo ivimbela ukugqwala okwengeziwe, ngokungafani nokugqwala okuqhekeka bese kuveza insimbi entsha.

Ngakho-ke, insimbi engagqwali imelana nokusabalala okungapheli kokugqwala okuhlupha izinsimbi ezivamile.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zensimbi Engagqwali

1. Insimbi Engagqwali Yase-Austenitic

   • Iqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-chromium ne-nickel.

   • Okungeyona i-magnetic, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala.

   • Kusetshenziswa ekucubunguleni ukudla, kumadivayisi ezokwelapha, kanye nasezindlini zokwakha.

2. Insimbi Engagqwali ye-Ferritic

   • Icebile nge-chromium kodwa ine-nickel ephansi.

   • I-Magnetic, enokumelana okuhle nokugqwala kokucindezeleka.

   • Kuvamile ezingxenyeni zezimoto kanye nemishini yezimboni.

3. Insimbi Engagqwali ye-Martensitic

   • Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni ngenxa yamandla nokuqina.

   • Ayimelani nokugqwala kakhulu kodwa ilungele amathuluzi namakhandlela.

4. Insimbi Engagqwali Ephindwe Kabili

   • Ihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-austenitic neze-ferritic.

   • Amandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka.

   • Kusetshenziswa ezimbonini zikawoyela, igesi kanye nezasolwandle.

5. Insimbi Engagqwali Eqinisa Ukuna kwemvula

   • Inikeza amandla aphezulu ngokwelashwa ngokushisa.

   • Kusetshenziswa emikhakheni yezindiza kanye nezokuvikela.

Ukusetshenziswa kweNsimbi Engagqwali

Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala, insimbi engagqwali ibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimboni:

• Ukudla Neziphuzo: Amathangi, amapayipi, kanye nemishini edinga inhlanzeko nokuhlanzwa okulula.

• Ezokwelapha kanye Nezemithi: Amathuluzi okuhlinza, izinto zokufakelwa, kanye nemishini yelabhorethri.

• Ukwakhiwa: Izicabha, uphahla, kanye nezisekelo zesakhiwo ezakhiweni nasemabhulohweni.

• Ezokuthutha: Izinhlelo zokukhipha ugesi ezimotweni, izingxenye zezindiza, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi.

• Amandla: Izitshalo zikagesi, izindawo zokugaya uwoyela zasogwini, kanye nezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo.

Ikhono lensimbi engagqwali lokuhlala ihlanzekile, ingenagqwala, futhi ihlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu lichaza ukugqama kwayo kule mikhakha.

Izici Ezingathinta Ukungabi Nalutho

Nakuba insimbi engagqwali imelana kakhulu nokugqwala, ayivikelekile ngokuphelele. Izici ezingathinta ukusebenza kwayo zifaka:

• Ama-chloride: Amazinga aphezulu e-chloride, njengasemanzini olwandle, angabangela ukugqwala kwemigodi emabangeni aphansi.

• Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu: Amazinga athile angase anciphe noma alahlekelwe yizimfanelo zokuvikela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

• Umonakalo Wemishini: Ukuklwebheka okujulile noma ukungcola okuvela ezinhlayiyeni zensimbi yekhabhoni kungonakalisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi.

• Ukugcinwa OkungafaneleUkusebenzisa amakhemikhali anamandla njenge-bleach kungalimaza ungqimba olungasebenzi.

Ukukhetha izinga elifanele nokugcina insimbi engagqwali kahle kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zayo ezingagqwali zihlala zinjalo.

Ukugcinwa Kwezindawo Zensimbi Engagqwali

Ukuze kusetshenziswe insimbi engagqwali kahle, izimboni zilandela le mikhuba:

• Ukuhlanza njalo ngezinsipho ezithambile.

• Ukugwema izinto eziklwebhayo eziklwebha izindawo.

• Ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ze-passivation ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwengqimba ye-oxide.

• Ukuqapha ukuchayeka kwe-chloride nokukhetha amazinga axutshwe ne-molybdenum uma kudingeka.

Inzuzo Yezemvelo

Insimbi engagqwali ayigcini nje ngokuba yinsimbi engagqwali kodwa futhi iyaqhubeka nokusebenza:

• Ingaphinde Isetshenziswe ngo-100%: Ingaphinde isetshenziswe unomphela ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi.

• Umjikelezo Wokuphila Okude: Ukuncipha kwesidingo sokushintsha kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni.

• Indawo EhlanzekileUkuhlanzeka kwayo kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okudinga ukuhlanzeka.

Izinkampani ezifanai-sakysteelgcizelela ukukhiqizwa okunesibopho semvelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi engagqwali ihlala iyisisombululo sobuchwepheshe nesiqhubekayo.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba izimboni zithuthuka, insimbi engagqwali izoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo igxile ku:

• Ama-Alloys Athuthukisiwe: Ukudala amazinga anokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nama-chloride kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu.

• Izimbozo ze-Nanotechnology: Ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane kanye nezokuhlanza.

• Ukukhiqizwa Okuluhlaza: Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi engagqwali.

Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha njalo, insimbi engagqwali izohlala ibalulekile emkhakheni wokwakha, wezempilo, wezokuthutha kanye nowamandla.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, kungani insimbi engagqwali ingenasici? Impendulo ilele ekubeni khona kwe-chromium, eyakha ungqimba lwe-oxide oluziphilisayo oluvimbela ukugqwala nokugqwala. Uma luhlanganiswe nezinye izinto ezixubayo, lokhu kunikeza insimbi engagqwali ukuqina kwayo okuyingqayizivele, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezimfanelo zokuhlanzeka.

Kusukela ezakhiweni eziphakeme nemikhumbi kuya kumathuluzi okuhlinza kanye nezinto zasekhishini, ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kuzo zonke izimboni. Ukukhetha okufanele, ukugcinwa, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuthuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zayo ezingagqwali.

Izinkampani ezifana nei-sakysteelbayaqhubeka nokuletha imikhiqizo yensimbi engagqwali ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, beqinisekisa ukuthi izimboni zifinyelela ezintweni ezithembekile, ezihlala isikhathi eside, nezisebenza kahle kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.