Yeyiphi Intsimbi Engeyiyo Imagnethi?

Xa abantu becinga ngentsimbi, badla ngokucinga ngesinyithi esomeleleyo nesinomtsalane. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iintsimbi ezinomtsalane. Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezithile zentsimbi—ingakumbi iiklasi ezithile zentsimbi engagqwaliyo—zaziwa ngokuba azinamandla ombane okanye zinamandla ombane kancinci. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni eyenza ezinye iintsimbi zinganamandla ombane kubalulekile kwiinjineli, abayili, kunye nabavelisi abasebenza kumashishini afana nokulungisa ukutya, izixhobo zonyango, usetyenziso lwaselwandle, kunye ne-elektroniki.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zentsimbi ezingenamagnethi, kutheni ziziphatha ngaloo ndlela, kwaye apho zisetyenziswa khona rhoqo. Njengomthengisi othembekileyo weentsimbi ezingenamagalelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu,I-SAKYSTELinika ulwazi olunzulu lobuchwephesha kunye nezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kuzo zonke iimfuno zentsimbi engengomagnetic.

1. Kuthetha ukuthini "iNsimbi engeyiyo iMagnetike"?

Intsimbi engeyiyo imagnethiibhekisa kwii-alloys ezingabonisi mdla onamandla wemagnethi. Ngokwesayensi, zihlelwa njengei-austeniticiintsimbi ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esithile sekristale, esaziwa ngokubaityhubhiki ejonge ubuso (FCC)Olu lwakhiwo aluvumeli ukulungelelaniswa kweendawo zemagnethi, nto leyo eyenza intsimbi ingabi yimagnethi ngokusisiseko.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye iintsimbi zinokuba nemagnethi kancinci emva kokusebenza ngokubandayo okanye ukuwelda, kodwa zisagcina imagnethi ebuthathaka kakhulu xa ithelekiswa neentsimbi ze-ferritic okanye ze-martensitic.

2. Isayensi Ebangela Umlingo Kwintsimbi

Ubunewunewu kwintsimbi buxhomekeke kakhulu kwisakhiwo sayo esincinci. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zesakhiwo esincinci sentsimbi engagqwaliyo:

• I-Austenitic (engeyiyo imagnethi)– Ulwakhiwo lwetyhubhu oluphakathi kobuso; luqulathe inani eliphezulu le-nickel kunye ne-chromium; alunamagnethi xa lukwimeko efakwe i-anneal.

• I-Ferritic (iMagnetic)– Ulwakhiwo lwetyhubhu oluphakathi komzimba; luqulethe i-chromium kodwa i-nickel encinci okanye ayikho; lunamandla kakhulu.

• IMartensitic (iMagnetic)– Umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni kunye ne-chromium; inamandla kwaye iqina ngonyango lobushushu.

Iintsimbi ezingenasici zase-Austenitic zineepropati zazo ezingezizo zemagnethi ngenxa ye-nickel, ezizinzisa isakhiwo se-FCC kwaye zithintele ukwakheka kwe-ferrite yemagnethi okanye izigaba ze-martensite.

3. Iintsimbi ezingezizo zemagnethi eziqhelekileyo

A. Iintsimbi Ezingenasici zaseAustenitic

Ezi zezona zintsimbi zingasetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kwemagnethi. Amanqanaba aphambili aquka:

• I-304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400)
  Eyaziwa njengeyona ntsimbi ixhaphakileyo engenasici, i-304 ine-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-8% ye-nickel. Ayinamagnethi xa ikwimeko efakwe i-anneal kodwa inokuba nemagnethi kancinci emva kokusebenza nzima ebandayo.

• I-316 iStainless Steel (UNS S31600)
  Iqulethe i-molybdenum yokuphucula ukumelana nokugqwala, ingakumbi kwiindawo zaselwandle nakwiikhemikhali. Ikhethwa apho kufuneka khona ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuziphatha okungenamagnethi.

• Iintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ezingama-310 kunye nama-321
  Ezi klasi nazo azinamagnethi kwaye zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obuphezulu okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-oxidation.

• Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo ye-904L (UNS N08904)
  Uhlobo lwe-super austenitic olune-nickel ephezulu (24–26%) kunye ne-molybdenum (4–5%), nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingabi namandla ombane nasemva kokuba yenziwe.

4. Kutheni Usebenzisa Intsimbi Engeyiyo Imagnethi?

Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezemagnethi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini apho ukuphazamiseka kwemagnethi, ukugqwala, kunye nococeko zizinto eziphambili ezixhalabisayo. Iingenelo ziquka:

• Ukungavumeleki kweMagnetic okuphantsi:Ithintela ukuphazamiseka kwemagnethi kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki okanye zokulinganisa ezinobuthathaka.

• Ukumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo:Ilungele ukusetyenziswa emanzini, kwiikhemikhali, nakwezonyango.

• Ukucoceka:Umphezulu ogudileyo nongenamibhobho uthintela ukwakheka kweebhaktheriya—ulungele amashishini okutya namayeza.

• Ukuqina kunye namandla:Igcina ukuqina okuphezulu nokuba kubushushu obuphezulu.

5. Ukusetyenziswa kweeNsimbi eziNgenamagnethi

Ngenxa yokudibanisa kwazo iipropati ezikhethekileyo, iintsimbi ezingezizo zemagnethi zisetyenziswa kwi:

A. Izixhobo zonyango nezeLebhu

Iintsimbi ezingenamagineti zisetyenziselwa izixhobo zotyando, izinto ze-MRI scanner, kunye nefenitshala yesibhedlele kuba aziphazamisi amandla emagnethi.

B. Izakhiwo zaseLwandle nezaseLwandlekazini

Iintsimbi ezingenasici ezingama-316 kunye ne-904L zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zeenqanawa, ii-propeller shafts, kunye namaqonga aselunxwemeni, zinika ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle kunye nemagnetism encinci.

C. Ishishini Lokulungisa Ukutya Neziselo

Amanqanaba e-Austenitic afana ne-304 kunye ne-316 aqinisekisa ucoceko, ucoceko, kunye nokuchasana nee-asidi kunye neetyuwa ezifumaneka ekulungisweni kokutya.

D. Izicelo zeenqwelo-moya nezoKhuselo

Iimpawu ezingezizo zemagnethi zibalulekile kwiindawo zokubeka izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zeenqwelo-moya, apho ukuphazamiseka kwemagnethi kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza.

E. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki kunye ne-Cryogenic

Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic zigcina uzinzo xa kubanda kakhulu kwaye aziphazamisi ii-sensors ze-magnetic, nto leyo ezenza zibe zilungele iitanki zokugcina izinto ezi-cryogenic kunye nezixhobo zokuchaneka.

6. Izinto Ezinokuchaphazela Imagnetism Kwintsimbi Engagqwaliyo

Kwaneentsimbi ezingezizo ezemagnethi zinokuphuhlisa ubunewunewu obuncinci ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukusebenza Ngobandayo (Ukwakha, Ukugoba, okanye Ukuqengqeleka):Uxinzelelo loomatshini lunokubangela utshintsho oluncinci kwi-martensite, nto leyo enyusa ubunewunewu kancinci.

• Ukuwelda:Iindawo ezichaphazelekileyo bubushushu zinokungenisa i-ferrite, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimagnetism yendawo.

• Utshintsho loBume:Umlinganiselo ophantsi we-nickel unokunciphisa uzinzo lwe-austenitic, nto leyo enyusa umngcipheko wokuphendula ngemagnethi.

Ukuze kugcinwe iipropati ezingezizo zemagnethi, abavelisi kufuneka balawule ngononophelo ukwakheka kwe-alloy kunye neemeko zokucubungula.

7. Indlela yokuvavanya ukuba intsimbi ayinamandla emagnethi

Indlela elula yokuvavanya kukusebenzisa imagnethi encinci. Yibeke kufutshane nomphezulu wentsimbi:

• Ukuba kukhoakukho mtsalane, ayinamandla emagnethi (i-austenitic).

• Ukubaunamathela kancinci, isenokuba nezigaba ezithile ze-ferritic okanye ze-martensitic ngenxa yomsebenzi wokubanda.

• Ukubaunamathela ngamandla, inomtsalane (i-ferritic okanye i-martensitic).

Iilabhoratri zobungcali zinokulinganisa ukuvuleka kwemagnethi ngokuchanekileyo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

8. Uthelekiso Phakathi kweeNsimbi zeMagnetic kunye nezingezizo zeMagnetic