ʻO nā mea āpau e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i nā kiko heheʻe o nā metala?

ʻO ke kiko heheʻe o kahi metala kahi waiwai kino koʻikoʻi e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka metallurgy, ka hana ʻana, ka aerospace, nā mea uila, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe he nui ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kiko heheʻe e hiki ai i nā ʻenekinia, nā ʻepekema mea, a me nā mea hana ke koho i nā metala kūpono no nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka alloy, a me nā ʻano hana hana. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e luʻu hohonu mākou i nā mea āpau e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i nā kiko heheʻe o nā metala - he aha ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai iā lākou, pehea e ana ʻia ai, a pehea lākou e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hoʻohana ʻoihana o nā metala like ʻole.

He aha ka Heʻe ʻana o ke Kiko?

ʻO kawahi hoʻoheheʻeʻo ia ka mahana e hoʻololi ai kahi metala i kona kūlana mai ka paʻa a i ka wai. Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā e loaʻa ai i nā ʻātoma o ka metala ka ikehu lawa e lanakila ai ma luna o ko lākou mau kūlana paʻa i loko o kahi ʻano paʻa a neʻe manuahi e like me ka wai.

• Nā ʻĀpana: Ana ʻia maʻamau ma nā kekelē Celsius (°C) a i ʻole Fahrenheit (°F).

• KoʻikoʻiHe kūpono nā metala hehi kiʻekiʻe no nā wahi wela loa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā metala hehi haʻahaʻa.

No ke aha he mea nui ka Melting Point i ka ʻoihana?

Hoʻopilikia pololei nā kiko heheʻe:

1. Koho Mea Hana– No ka laʻana, pono nā ʻūpā turbine i nā metala e like me ka tungsten a i ʻole molybdenum.

2. Nā Kaʻina Hana Hana– ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka forging, a me ka mālama wela e pono ai ka ʻike pololei o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe.

3. Nā Kūlana Palekana a me nā ʻenekinia– ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā palena hoʻoheheʻe e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā hāʻule ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana.

Nā Kumu e Hoʻopilikia ana i nā Kiko Heheʻe o nā Metala

Hoʻololi kekahi mau loli i ke kiko heheʻe:

• ʻAno ʻAtomikaʻO nā metala me nā ʻano atomika i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia he kiʻekiʻe aʻe ko lākou mau kiko heheʻe.

• Ka ikaika o ka pilinaPono ka wela hou aku e uhaʻi ai i nā pilina metala ikaika aʻe.

• Nā mea haumia/hoʻohuihuiʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe (alloying) hiki ke hoʻonui a hoʻemi paha i ka pae heheʻe o kahi metala.

• KaomiMa lalo o ke kaomi nui, hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki ke kiko heheʻe.

Nā kiko heheʻe o nā metala maʻamau (Papa Hoʻohālikelike)

Eia kahi kuhikuhi wikiwiki no nā kiko heheʻe o nā metala i hoʻohana nui ʻia:

Nā Metala Heʻe Kiʻekiʻe a me kā lākou Hoʻohana

1. Tungsten (W)

• Kiko Heheʻe3422°C

• NoiNā filaments i loko o nā kukui uila, nā nozzles aerospace, nā electrodes.

• No ke aha maiʻO ke kiko heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā metala āpau, kūpono no ke kūpaʻa wela loa.

2. Molibdenum (Mo)

• Kiko Heheʻe: 2623°C

• NoiNā ʻāpana umu ahi, ikehu nukelea, kapa kila koa.

3. Tantalum (Ta)

• Kiko Heheʻe3017°C

• NoiNā mea hoʻokomo lapaʻau, nā mea uila, nā ʻāpana aerospace.

Nā Metala Heʻe Haʻahaʻa a me kā lākou Hoʻohana

1. Zinc (Zn)

• Kiko Heheʻe: 419.5°C

• NoiHoʻoheheʻe make, galvanization o ke kila.

2. Tin (Sn)

• Kiko Heheʻe: 231.9°C

• NoiʻO ka mea hoʻohuihui, nā uhi no nā metala ʻē aʻe.

3. Ke kēpau (Pb)

• Kiko Heheʻe327.5°C

• NoiNā pila, pale kukuna.

Nā kiko heheʻe i loko o nā ʻōnaehana Alloy

Loaʻa pinepine i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nā pae hoʻoheheʻe ma kahi o nā kiko ʻoi ma muli o nā ʻāpana he nui. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Keleawe(Keleawe + Kiniki): Kiko heheʻe ~900–940°C

• Keleawe(Keleawe + Kini): Kikowaena heheʻe ~950°C

• Ke kila kila (18-8)Kikowaena heheʻe ~1400–1450°C

Ua hana pono ʻia kēia mau pae no nā hoʻohana kikoʻī, e like me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala, ka ikaika tensile, a me ke kūpaʻa wela.

Ana o nā kiko heheʻe

Hoʻoholo ʻia nā kiko heheʻe e:

1. Ka Loiloi Wela ʻokoʻa (DTA)

2. Thermocouple a me nā umu wela kiʻekiʻe

3. ʻO ke ʻano like o ka Pyrometric Cone (no nā keramika a me nā ʻokikene metala)

I ka ʻoihana, he mea nui ka ʻikepili kiko heheʻe pololei no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mea e like me nā kūlana ASTM, ISO, a i ʻole DIN.

Kiko Heheʻe vs Kiko Boiling

• Kiko HeheʻePaʻa ➝ Wai

• Kikowaena paila: Wai ➝ Kinoea

No nā metala, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiko paila ma mua o ke kiko heheʻe. Eia kekahi laʻana,Hoʻolapalapa ka Tungsten ma 5930°C, e kūpono ana no nā umu hoʻoheheʻe a me nā noi lewa.

Nā noi e koi ana i nā metala mahana kiʻekiʻe

ʻO kekahi mau laʻana kahi e pono ai nā metala hehi kiʻekiʻe:

• Nā ʻenekini mokuleleNā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel.

• Mokulele LewaʻO ka titanium a me nā metala paʻa ʻole.

• Nā Mea Hana NukleaʻO Zirconium, molybdenum.

• Nā umu ʻoihanaʻO ka Tungsten, molybdenum, nā keramika.

Nā Manaʻo no ka Hana Hou ʻana a me ka Hoʻolei ʻana

I ka wā hana hou ʻana, hoʻomehana ʻia nā metala ma luna o ko lākou mau kiko heheʻe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hana hou iā lākou.aluminikūpono loa no ka hana hou ʻana ma muli o ko lākou mau kiko heheʻe haʻahaʻa a me ka hana hou ʻana me ka mālama pono i ka ikehu.

ʻO nā kaʻina hana hoʻolei (e like me ke hoʻolei one, ka hoʻolei hoʻopukapuka kālā) e hilinaʻi nui ʻia hoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili kiko heheʻe pololei e pale aku ai i nā hemahema.

Nā Manaʻo Palekana i ka wā o ka Hana ʻana i ka Metala Wela Kiʻekiʻe

• Hoʻohananā lole palea menā pale maka.

• E hoʻoukaka pale welai loko o nā lako.

• Hoʻokōnā mea ʻike mahanaa menā pani ʻakomi.

ʻAʻole ʻike loea wale nō ka ʻike o nā kiko heheʻe—hoʻomaopopo pū kekahi i nā hana olakino a me ka palekana.

Hopena

ʻAʻole wale no nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kiko heheʻe o nā metala, akā, no nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolālā o kēlā me kēia lā e koho ana i nā mea kūpono no ka hana. Inā ʻoe e hana ana i nā ʻāpana aerospace a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea kuke maʻalahi, ʻo ke kiko heheʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana, ka palekana, a me ke kūpaʻa.