Ukwenziwa kweempawu zokuLungisa iiMveliso zokuQinisa

I-Forging yenye yezona nkqubo zindala nezithembekileyo zokuyila isinyithi ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yanamhlanje. Kubandakanya ukubumba isinyithi kusetyenziswa amandla acinezelayo asekuhlaleni, ngokuqhelekileyo ahanjiswa ngokubethelwa, ukucofa, okanye ukuqengqeleka. Iimveliso ezithathwe kwi-forging ziyaziwa ngeempawu zabo eziphezulu zemishini, ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo, kunye nokuchasana nokudinwa kunye nefuthe.

Eli nqaku liphonononga iukubunjwa kweempawu zokwenziwa kweemveliso zokwenziwa, ibalaselisa indlela ezi mpawu zinceda ngayo amacandelo ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso. Siza kugubungela imiba ephambili efana nokuziphatha koguquko, ukuhamba okuziinkozo, amandla oomatshini, iindlela zokubumba, kunye nezicelo eziqhelekileyo. Nokuba uyinjineli, igosa lokuthenga, okanye umhloli womgangatho, esi sikhokelo sibanzi siya kukunceda uqonde ixabiso leemveliso zomgunyathi.

Yintoni Ukuqulunqa?

Ukubumba yinkqubo yokuvelisa apho intsimbi ikhubazeka ngokweplastiki ibe yimilo enqwenelekayo ngokusebenzisa amandla acinezelayo. Ngokungafaniyo nokuphosa okanye umatshini, ukubunjwa kuphucula isakhiwo sesinyithi, kuphucula amandla, kwaye kuphelise iziphene zangaphakathi.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokukhwabanisa:

• Open-die forging: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-forging yasimahla, ilungele iindawo ezinkulu nezimilise okwesiqhelo.

• Kuvaliwe-kufa ukubumba (umfanekiso uyafa): Ilungele iindawo ezinzima, ezinomthamo ophezulu kunye nokunyamezela okuqinileyo.

• Ukuqengqeleka kweringi: Isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amakhonkco angenamthungo kwiibheringi kunye neeflange.

• Ukubumba okubandayo: Yenziwe kwindawo okanye kufutshane nobushushu begumbi ukuze kugqitywe umphezulu ongcono kunye nokunyamezelana.

sakysteelinikezela ngeemveliso ezenziweyo ezichanekileyo zisebenzisa izixhobo zokubumba eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zokunyanga ubushushu obusemgangathweni obulungiselelwe ukucaciswa kwabathengi.

1. Ukucokiswa kweeNkozo kunye neeMpawu zokuHamba kweMetal

Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zokulungisa ukubunjwa kukuphuculwa kolwakhiwo lweenkozo. Ukutya okuziinkozo kulungelelaniswa ecaleni kweekhonto zenxalenye, kukhokelela ekubeni:

• Ukomelezwa komkhomba-ndlela

• Impembelelo enkulu kunye nokumelana nokudinwa

• Ukupheliswa kokuphosa i-porosity okanye i-shrinkage

Oku kuqukuqela okuziinkozo okuqhubekayo kwiindawo ezibunjiweyo kukhokelelaumgangatho ophezulu wolwakhiwo imfezekoxa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezenziwe ngoomatshini.

Umzekelo, ii-crankshafts ezibunjiweyo kunye neentonga ezidibanisayo zibonakalisa ukumelana nokudinwa okubalaseleyo ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa kokutya okuziinkozo.

2. IiPropati eziPhezulu zoomatshini

Ukubumba kuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini besinyithi ngokuqina koxinzelelo kunye nokuguqulwa kokulawulwa. Iinzuzo eziphambili ziquka:

• Ukonyuka kwamandla okuqina

• Amandla esivuno aphuculweyo

• Ukuqina okungcono kunye ne-ductility

• Ukuchasana okuphezulu kwi-thermal kunye ne-mechanical fatigue

Ezi zongezelelo zenza iimveliso zomgunyathi zilungele usetyenziso olubalulekileyo lokuthwala umthwalo.

sakysteelibonelela ngemivalo eyenziwe ngomgunyathi, iishafti, iidiski, kunye nezangqa ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezibango zepropathi yoomatshini kwindawo ye-aerospace, yaselwandle, kunye neyoomatshini boshishino.

3. Ukusetyenziswa Kwezinto Eziphuculweyo

Iinkqubo zokubunjwa zinciphisa inkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokunciphisa njengomatshini. Kuba imathiriyeli iyasuswa endaweni yokususwa:

• Iimilo zomnatha okanye ezikufutshane-netha zinokufezekiswa

• Umatshini omncinci ofunekayo emva kokukhwabanisa

• Ukusetyenziswa okungabizi kakhulu kweealloyi ezibizayo

Oku kunenzuzo ngakumbi kwizinto ezinexabiso eliphezulu ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwa, i-nickel alloys, kunye ne-titanium.

4. Ukuchaneka okugqwesileyo koMda kunye nokuPhinda

Iindlela zanamhlanje zokubumba-ingakumbi i-closed-die forging-ibonelela ngemilinganiselo ehambelanayo kunye nokunyamezela okuqinileyo. Ukusebenzisa ukuchaneka kuyafa kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo elawulwayo kuqinisekisa:

• Ukuphindaphinda kwimveliso ephezulu

• Ukuhambelana neenkqubo zokuhlanganisa ezizenzekelayo

• Ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwakhona kunye nomzamo wokuhlola

Ulawulo lomda lubalulekile kumashishini afana neemoto, apho ukunqunyanyiswa komgunyathi kunye nezixhobo zokuqhuba kufuneka zilingane ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi kweendibano.

5. Uluhlu olubanzi lweeMilo kunye nobukhulu

Ukuqulunqa kuvumela ukuveliswa kweentlobo ezininzi zeejometri, kuquka:

• Iishafti, iintonga, iidiski

• Iigiya, iiflange, ii-couplings

• Iringi kunye nemikhono

• Amacandelo angokwezifiso asekelwe kwimizobo yobunjineli

Uluhlu lwesayizi lunokwahluka ukusuka kwiigram ezimbalwa (kwi-forging ebandayo) ukuya kwiitoni ezininzi (kwi-open-die forging).

sakysteelibonelela ngesakhono sokwenza iinxalenye ezinobunzima obusuka ngaphantsi kwe-1 kg ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-10 yeetoni, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zabathengi.

6. Ukuphucuka Kwangaphakathi Kwangaphakathi

Ngokungafaniyo ne-castings, i-forgings inei-voids encinci yangaphakathi okanye i-inclusions. Ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo yokubumba kuphelisa:

• Ukucutheka kwemingxuma

• Iipokotho zerhasi

• Iifilimu zeoksidi

Esi sakhiwo esivakalayo siqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokuthembeka, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo kunye nezijikelezayo.

Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic kunye nolunye uvandlakanyo olungonakalisi lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuvakala kwesandi sangaphakathi kumacandelo omgunyathi.

7. UkuNxitywa ngcono kunye noKuchasana neMpembelelo

Inkqubo yokubumba ixinanisa isinyithi, inciphisa ubungakanani beenkozo kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa ukunxiba. Amacandelo afana:

• Izikhewu zezixhobo

• Izixhobo zemigodi

• Amagqabi ezolimo

baxhamle ekwenziweni ngenxa yokuphuculwa kokuxhathisa kwabo kwi-abrasive kunye nempembelelo yempembelelo.

Unyango lobushushu obusemva kokubunjwa obufana nokucima kunye nokufudumeza kunokuphucula ngakumbi ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokunxiba.

8. Ukuhambelana ne-Alloy Steels kunye neZizinto eziKhethekileyo

I-Forging ilungele uluhlu olubanzi lwesinyithi kunye ne-non-ferrous:

• Iintsimbi zekhabhoni(A105, 1045)

• Iintsimbi ze-alloy(4140, 4340, 1.6582)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici(304, 316, 410, 17-4PH)

• Iialloyi zenickel(Inconel, Monel)

• I-Titanium kunye ne-aluminium alloys

Oku kuguquguquka kwenza ukwenza inkqubo ibe yinkqubo ekhethwayo kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo.

sakysteelIsebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekwenzeni intsimbi engatyiwayo kunye neenxalenye zealloyi ezikhethekileyo kumacandelo afana ne-oyile negesi, inyukliya, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.

9. IiPropati zoomatshini eziSetyenzwayo ngoNyango loBubushushu

Iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zinokuphathwa ubushushu ukuze zilungelelanise iimpawu zabo zomatshini. Unyango oluqhelekileyo luquka:

• Ukuqheleka

• Ukuhlamba kunye nokufudumala

• Ukuhlaziya

• Unyango lwesisombululo kunye nokuguga (yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-nickel alloys)

Olu nyango lulungelelanisa ukulingana kwamandla, ubunzima, kunye ne-ductility ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zenkonzo.

sakysteelibonelela ngemigangatho yepropathi enobushushu ehlangabezana nemigangatho yepropathi ye-ASTM, EN, kunye ne-DIN.

10.Usetyenziso lweeMveliso zokuQinisa

Amacandelo abunjiweyo asetyenziswa phantse kuwo onke amashishini anzima, kubandakanya:

●I-Aerospace

I-turbine shafts, izixhobo zokumisa, izixhobo ze-injini

●Iimoto

Ukudibanisa iintonga, ii-crankshafts, ii-knuckles zokuqhuba

●I-oyile neGesi

Iiflange, imizimba yevalvu, iikhola zokubhola, izixhobo zentloko yemithombo

●IsiZukulwana saMandla

Iidiski ze-turbine, i-shafts, i-boiler components

●Izixhobo ezinzima

Iintsimbi ezivaliweyo, iirola, iigwegwe zokuphakamisa, amakhonkco okulandelela

Ezi zicelo zifuna ukuthembeka, kwaye iimveliso ezibunjiweyo zihlangabezana nezi mfuno kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuqina.

Imigangatho yoMgangatho kunye noHlolo

Iinkqubo zokukhohlisa zilawulwa ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana nale:

• I-ASTM A182, A105, A694

• Uthotho lwe-EN 10222

• ISO 683 series

Ubuchule bokuhlola bubandakanya:

• Ukuhlolwa komgangatho

• Uvavanyo lweUltrasonic (UT)

• Ukuhlolwa kwamasuntswana emagnethi (MPI)

• Uvavanyo lokungena kwedayi (DPT)

• Ubunzima kunye novavanyo lokuqina

sakysteelihambisa izinto ezifojiweyo ezinokulandeleka ngokupheleleyo kunye nesiqinisekiso se-EN10204 3.1/3.2 xa siceliwe.

Kutheni Khetha sakysteel for Forged Products?

sakysteelngumvelisi othembekileyo kunye nomthengisi wemveliso ephezulu yokusebenza. Ngoomatshini bokubumba abaphambili, amaziko onyango lobushushu, kunye novavanyo lwangaphakathi, sibonelela:

• Uluhlu olubanzi lwemathiriyeli (i-stainless, i-alloy, i-carbon steel)

• Iimilo ezibunjiweyo eziqhelekileyo nezisemgangathweni

• Ulawulo lwekhwalithi oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-ISO

• Amaxesha okukhokela ngokukhawuleza kunye namaxabiso okhuphiswano

• Isakhono sokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle

Abathengi kuwo wonke amacandelo e-aerospace, amandla, kunye nobunjineli baxhomekeke kuyosakysteelkwiimfuno zabo ezibalulekileyo zokudala.

Ukuqukumbela

Inkqubo yokubumba inika amandla angenakulinganiswa, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza kumacandelo esinyithi. Ngeenzuzo ezifana nokucokisa ukutya okuziinkozo, uzinzo lwe-dimensional, umthamo ophezulu womthwalo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, iimveliso zomgunyathi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizicelo zale mihla zemizi-mveliso.

Ukuqonda iimpawu zokucwangcisa kunceda iinjineli kunye nabathengi benze ukhetho olungcono lwemathiriyeli kwiiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo. Xa kuziwa ekubunjweni okuchanekileyo kunye nomgangatho ongaguqukiyo kunye nenkxaso yeengcali,sakysteelliqabane lakho elifanelekileyo kumacandelo enziweyo ahlangabezana nezona mfuno zinzima kushishino.