Iimpawu zokuCwangcisa ukuQinisa zeeMveliso zokuQinisa

Ukubumba yenye yezona nkqubo zindala nezithembekileyo zokwenza isinyithi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje. Kubandakanya ukubumba isinyithi kusetyenziswa amandla okucinezela asekuhlaleni, adla ngokuhanjiswa ngokubethelwa, ukucinezelwa, okanye ukuqengqelwa. Iimveliso ezivela ekubumbeni zaziwa ngeempawu zazo eziphezulu zoomatshini, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, kunye nokumelana nokudinwa kunye nempembelelo.

Eli nqaku liphononongaiimpawu zokucubungula iimveliso zokuqamba, sigxininisa indlela ezi mpawu ezinceda ngayo amacandelo ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso. Siza kugubungela iinkalo eziphambili ezifana nokuziphatha kokuguquguquka, ukuhamba kweenkozo, amandla oomatshini, iindlela zokubumba, kunye nezicelo eziqhelekileyo. Nokuba ungunjineli, igosa lokuthenga, okanye umhloli womgangatho, esi sikhokelo sibanzi siya kukunceda uqonde ixabiso leemveliso ezibumbayo.

Yintoni iForging?

Ukubumba yinkqubo yokuvelisa apho isinyithi siguqulwa sibe yiplastiki sibe yimilo efunekayo ngokusebenzisa amandla okucinezela. Ngokungafaniyo nokubumba okanye ukubumba, ukubumba kuphucula isakhiwo sesinyithi, kuphucula amandla, kwaye kususa iziphene zangaphakathi.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokubumba:

• Ukufakelwa kwe-open-die: Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-free forging, ifanelekile kwiindawo ezinkulu nezimile okwenzelwe wena.

• I-closed-die forging (i-impression die): Ilungele iindawo ezinzima nezinomthamo omkhulu ezinokunyamezelana okuqinileyo.

• Ukuqengqeleka kweringi: Isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaringi angenamthungo kwiibheringi nakwiiflange.

• Ukufakelwa okubandayo: Yenziwa kubushushu begumbi okanye kufutshane nobushushu begumbi ukuze umphezulu ugqitywe ngcono kwaye uqine ngakumbi.

i-sakysteelinikezela ngeemveliso ezenziwe ngokuchanekileyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokubumba eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezisemgangathweni ezenzelwe iinkcukacha zabathengi.

1. Ukucocwa kweenkozo kunye neempawu zokuhamba kwesinyithi

Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zokucubungula i-folding kukuphuculwa kwesakhiwo se-corn. Ukuhamba kwe-corn kuhambelana ngokwee-contours zenxalenye, nto leyo ebangela oku kulandelayo:

• Amandla aphuculweyo okubhekisa kwicala

• Impembelelo enkulu kunye nokumelana nokudinwa

• Ukususwa kwe-casting porosity okanye i-shrinkage

Oku kuhamba rhoqo kweenkozo kwiindawo ezibunjiweyo kukhokelelaukuthembeka okuphezulu kwesakhiwoxa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezenziwe ngomatshini okanye ezenziwe ngomatshini.

Umzekelo, ii-crankshafts eziqingqiweyo kunye neentonga zokudibanisa zibonisa ukumelana nokudinwa okugqwesileyo ngenxa yokujolisa kakuhle kwiinkozo.

2. Iipropati zoMatshini eziPhakamileyo

Ukubumba kuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini zesinyithi ngokuqinisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuguqulwa okulawulwayo. Iingenelo eziphambili ziquka:

• Ukomelela kwamandla okuxinana

• Amandla okuvelisa aphuculweyo

• Ukuqina okungcono kunye nokuguquguquka

• Ukumelana okuphezulu kokudinwa kobushushu kunye noomatshini

Ezi zinto zongezayo zenza iimveliso ezenziwe ngobumba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezibalulekileyo zokuthwala umthwalo.

i-sakysteelibonelela ngeebhari, iishafti, iidiski, kunye neeringi ezenziwe ngobuqili ezihlangabezana neemfuno zepropathi yoomatshini ezifunekayo kwicandelo leenqwelo moya, elolwandle, neloomatshini bemizi-mveliso.

3. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphuculweyo

Iinkqubo zokubumba zinciphisa inkunkuma yezinto xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokususa izinto ezifana noomatshini bokubumba. Ekubeni izinto zisuswa endaweni yokuba zisuswe:

• Iimo ze-net okanye ezikufutshane ne-net zinokufezekiswa

• Umatshini omncinci awufuneki emva kokwenziwa

• Ukusetyenziswa kwee-alloys ezibizayo ngendlela engabizi kakhulu

Oku kuluncedo kakhulu kwizinto ezixabisekileyo ezifana nentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ii-alloys ze-nickel, kunye ne-titanium.

4. Ukuchaneka Okugqwesileyo Kwemilinganiselo Nokuphindaphindwa

Iindlela zanamhlanje zokubumba—ingakumbi ukubumba nge-closed-die—zibonelela ngemilinganiselo efanayo kunye nokunyamezelana okuqinileyo. Ukusebenzisa ii-precision dies kunye neeparameter zenkqubo ezilawulwayo kuqinisekisa:

• Ukuphindaphinda kwimveliso enomthamo omkhulu

• Ukuhambelana neenkqubo zokuhlanganisa ezenzekelayo

• Ukunciphisa umzamo wokuhlaziya nokuhlola

Ulawulo lobukhulu lubalulekile kumashishini afana neemoto, apho izixhobo zokumiswa ezenziwe ngobuchule kunye ne-drivetrain kufuneka zilingane ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo zokuhlanganisa.

5. Uluhlu olubanzi lweeMilo kunye nobukhulu

Ukwakha kuvumela ukuveliswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zejometri, kuquka:

• Iishafts, iintonga, iidiski

• Iigiya, iiflange, izihlanganisi

• Amaringi kunye nemikhono

• Izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezisekelwe kwimizobo yobunjineli

Uluhlu lobungakanani lungahluka ukusuka kwiigram ezimbalwa (kwi-cold forging) ukuya kwiitoni ezininzi (kwi-open-die forging).

i-sakysteelInika amandla okubumba iindawo ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-1 kg ukuya ngaphezulu kweetoni ezili-10, kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zabathengi.

6. Ukuphucula Ukuqina Kwangaphakathi

Ngokungafaniyo nee-castings, ii-forgings zineiindawo ezincinci zangaphakathi okanye izinto ezibandakanyiweyoUkucinezelwa kwenkqubo yokubumba kususa:

• Imingxunya yokuncipha

• Iipokotho zegesi

• Iifilimu ze-oxide

Olu lwakhiwo lwesandi luqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokuthembeka, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezixineneyo nezijikelezayo.

Uvavanyo lwe-ultrasound kunye nolunye uvavanyo olungonakalisiyo lusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwangaphakathi kwizinto ezibunjiweyo.

7. Ukuguga Okungcono kunye nokumelana nempembelelo

Inkqubo yokubumba iyenza ibe nkulu isinyithi, inciphisa ubungakanani bengqolowa kwaye iphucule ukumelana nokuguguleka.

• Izikhewu zegiya

• Izixhobo zokumba

• Iiblade zezolimo

bayazuza ekubumbeni ngenxa yokuchasana kwabo okuphucukileyo namandla okurhabaxa kunye namandla okubetha.

Unyango lobushushu emva kokubumba olufana nokucima kunye nokushisa lunokuphucula ngakumbi ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka.

8. Ukuhambelana neentsimbi ze-alloy kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo

Ukufakelwa kulungele uluhlu olubanzi lweentsimbi zentsimbi kunye nezingeyontsimbi:

• Iintsimbi zekhabhoni(A105, 1045)

• Iintsimbi ze-alloy(4140, 4340, 1.6582)

• Iintsimbi ezingenasici(304, 316, 410, 17-4PH)

• Iialloy zeNickel(Inconel, Monel)

• Ii-alloys zeTitanium kunye ne-aluminium

Olu tshintsho lwenza ukuba ukuseka inkqubo kube yinto ekhethwayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo.

i-sakysteeligxile ekwenzeni intsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo ze-alloy kumacandelo afana neoyile negesi, inyukliya, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.

9. Iipropati zoMatshini ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokusebenzisa unyango lobushushu

Iimveliso ezenziwe ngomatshini zinganyangwa ngobushushu ukuze zilungiswe kakuhle iimpawu zazo zoomatshini. Unyango oluqhelekileyo luquka:

• Ukulungisa izinto zibe zesiqhelo

• Ukucima kunye nokunciphisa

• Ukuqokelela

• Unyango lwesisombululo kunye nokwaluphala (kwiintsimbi ezingenasici kunye nee-alloys ze-nickel)

Olu nyango lulungisa ibhalansi yamandla, ubulukhuni, kunye nokuguquguquka ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zenkonzo.

i-sakysteelibonelela ngezinto zokufakelwa eziphathwa ngobushushu ezihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-ASTM, EN, kunye ne-DIN mechanical property.

10.Usetyenziso lweeMveliso zokuQokelela

Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo zisetyenziswa phantse kuyo yonke imboni enzima, kuquka:

●Inqwelo-moya

Iishafti zeTurbine, izixhobo zokufikela, izixhobo zenjini

●Iimoto

Izintonga zokudibanisa, ii-crankshafts, ii-knuckles zokuqhuba

●Ioyile kunye neGesi

Iiflanges, imizimba yeevalvu, iikhola zokubhola, izixhobo zeentloko zemithombo

●Ukuveliswa koMbane

Iidiski zeTurbine, iishafts, izinto zebhoyila

●Izixhobo Ezinzima

Izikhewu zegiya, iirola, iihoko zokuphakamisa, iikhonkco zendlela

Ezi zicelo zifuna ukuthembeka, kwaye iimveliso ezenziwe ngobuchule ziyahlangabezana nezi mfuno ngobuchule obuphezulu kunye nokuqina.

Imigangatho yoMgangatho kunye noHlolo

Iinkqubo zokubumba zilawulwa ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe efana nale:

• I-ASTM A182, A105, A694

• Uthotho lwe-EN 10222

• Uthotho lwe-ISO 683

Iindlela zokuhlola ziquka:

• Uvavanyo lobukhulu

• Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic (UT)

• Ukuhlolwa kwee-particle zeMagnetic (MPI)

• Uvavanyo lokungena kwedayi (DPT)

• Ubunzima kunye novavanyo lokuxinana

i-sakysteelihambisa izinto ezifakelweyo ezinokulandeleleka ngokupheleleyo kunye nesatifikethi se-EN10204 3.1/3.2 xa iceliwe.

Kutheni Khetha i-sakysteel kwiimveliso ezenziwe ngobuqili?

i-sakysteelngumvelisi othembekileyo nothumela ngaphandle iimveliso zokubumba ezisebenza kakuhle. Sinee-press zokubumba eziphambili, izixhobo zonyango lobushushu, kunye novavanyo lwangaphakathi, sinikezela:

• Uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto (i-stainless, i-alloy, i-carbon steel)

• Imilo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso neziqhelekileyo

• Ulawulo lomgangatho oluqinisekisiweyo yi-ISO

• Amaxesha okukhokela akhawulezayo kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo

• Ubuchule bokuthumela ngaphandle kwihlabathi liphela

Abathengi kuzo zonke iindawo zeenqwelo-moya, amandla, kunye nobunjineli baxhomekeke kwii-sakysteelngenxa yeemfuno zabo ezibalulekileyo zokulungisa izinto.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokubumba inika amandla angenakuthelekiswa nanto, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zesinyithi. Ngenxa yeenzuzo ezifana nokucocwa kweenkozo, ukuzinza kobukhulu, umthamo ophezulu womthwalo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, iimveliso ezibumbayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizicelo zoshishino zanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda iimpawu zokucubungula izinto zokubumba kunceda iinjineli kunye nabathengi ukuba benze ukhetho olungcono lwezinto zokwakha kwiiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo. Xa kufikwa ekubumbeni ngokuchanekileyo ngomgangatho ohambelanayo kunye nenkxaso yeengcali,i-sakysteelliqabane lakho elifanelekileyo lezinto ezibunjiweyo ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezinzima kushishino.