Me pēhea te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura mai i te konumohe

Kupu Whakataki

Ko te huarahi pono rawa atu ki te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura mai i te konumohe ko te whakatairite i te kiato me te taumaha, tirohia te tohu rauemi, me te whakaū i te koranu mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātari ringaringa, i tētahi whakamātautau taiwhanga rānei ina hiahiatia he tautuhi pai.He mama ake te konumohe i te kowiri tira, engari he mārō ake te kowiri tira, he iti ake te kawe wera, ā, he ātete ake ki te kōpiko o te mata.

Mā te aukume, te tirotiro tirohanga, te whakamātautau rakuraku, te whakamātautau mura rānei ka taea te whakarato i ngā tohu whai hua, engari kāore he whakamātautau mara kotahi e tautuhi tika ana i ia momo. Tērā pea he iti noa te urupare aukume o ngā maitai kore waikura austenitic pērā i te 304 me te 316, engari ko ngā maitai kore waikura ferritic, martensitic me te duplex he aukume i te nuinga o te wā. He kore-ferrous te konumohe, ā, i te nuinga o te wā kāore he aukume, engari ko te noho mai o ngā whakapiri maitai, ngā paninga, ngā whakaurunga rānei e tata ana ka taea te whakapohehe i te tirotiro aukume ngāwari.

Mō te hokohoko ā-ahumahi, te hanga, te wehewehe rauemi rānei, ehara i te mea ko te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura i te konumohe anake te whāinga. Me whakatau pea hoki e ngā kaihoko te taumata, te āhua, te paerewa me te āhua o te hua. Nō reira, me whiriwhiri he tikanga tautuhi kua whakaūtia kia rite ki te mōrearea hangarau me te mōrearea arumoni.

Tirohanga Poto mō te Kowiri tira me te Konumohe

He tohu noa iho ngā tatauranga o tēnei ripanga, ehara i te uara kua whakamanahia e te ota. Ko ngā āhuatanga tuturu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taumata koranu, te āhua o te koranu, te āhua o te hua, te pāmahana me te āhua o te hanga.

1. Tirohia te Taumaha me te Kiato

Ko te taumaha te tohu āpure kore-whakangaro tino tere, tino pono hoki.Tata ki te hautoru te matotoru o te konumohe i te maitai kore waikura noa. Nō reira, ka rerekē te āhua o ngā wahi totoka e rua he rite te rahi ki te ringaringa.

Mō tētahi hua pono ake, tatauhia te mātotoru:

Mō tētahi pereti tapawhā rite, tatauhia te rōrahi mai i te matotoru × whānui × roa. Mō tētahi pae porowhita, whakamahia te whānui me te roa kua inehia. Mō tētahi paipa, ngongo rānei tuwhera, tangohia te rōrahi o roto mai i te rōrahi o waho.

Ko te uara ine e tata ana ki te 2.7 karamu/cm³ e tohu ana ki te koranu konumohe. Ko te uara e tata ana ki te 7.7–8.1 karamu/cm³ e tohu ana ki te maitai kore waikura. Ko ngā wāhanga tuwhera, ngā taputapu e piri ana, te wai o roto, te kiriata tiaki me ngā inenga hē ka taea te whakapōturi i te hua, ā, me tango atu, me whai whakaaro rānei.

2. Whakamahia te Whakamātautau Aukume kia Āta

Kāore te konumohe e kukume i tētahi aukume tuturu noa. Tērā pea ka kukume te maitai kore waikura i tētahi aukume, i runga i tōna whānau whakarewa:

• Kowiri tira Austenitic:Ko te 304 me te 316 he kore-aukume i te wā e whakamahanahia ana, engari mā te mahi matao, te whakarewa rānei ka ngoikore te urupare aukume.
• Kowiri tira ferritic:He aukume ngā momo pēnei i te 409 me te 430.
• Kowiri tira Martensitic:He aukume ngā momo pērā i te 410, 420 me te 440C.
• Kowiri tira takirua:he aukume te tikanga nā te mea he nui te wāhanga ferrite kei roto i tōna hanganga.

Mā te kukume aukume kaha ka taea te whakakore i te konumohe noa, ā, ka tohu i te rauemi rino. Mā te kukume ngoikore, te kore rānei, ka taea te wehewehe i te konumohe mai i te maitai kore waikura 304, 316 rānei.

Tirohia ētahi wāhi, nā te mea ka taea e ngā here rino, ngā pereti tautoko, ngā whakaurunga me ngā hanganga tata te kukume i te aukume ahakoa he konumohe te wāhanga o waho e kitea ana.

3. Pānuihia te Tohu Rauemi me te Tiwhikete

I mua i te whakahaere i te whakamātautau ā-tinana, tirohia te rauemi, te takai me ngā tuhinga mō ngā tohu tohu. Ka taea te tohu i te maitai kore waikura ki ngā tohu pēnei i te 304, 304L, 316L, 410, 430, 2205, ngā tau UNS me EN rānei e rite ana. Ka taea te tohu i te konumohe ki ngā huinga koranu me te whakamahana pēnei i te 5052-H32, 5083-H116, 6061-T6, 7075-T651 rānei.

Ka pono anake te tohu ina mau tonu te hononga ki te āheinga whai. Tirohia mēnā ko te nama wera, te nama rota rānei, te tohu, ngā ine me te paerewa hua kei runga i te tohu e rite ana ki te Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira me te ota hoko.

Ka taea te whakawhiti i te waituhi tā, ka taea te whakanoho i ngā tapanga ki te paihere hē, ā, ka ngaro pea te tuakiri taketake o ngā wahi kua tapahia. Mō ngā rauemi tino nui, whakaūhia te tohu mā te PMI, mā te whakamātautau taiwhanga rānei.

4. Whakatauritehia te Āhua o te Mata

He maha ngā wā ka āhua pōuri ake te āhua o te maitai kore pania, ā, he whakaata ake i te konumohe kua oti te mira. He maha ngā wā ka āhua hina mārama ake te konumohe, he hiriwa mā rānei. Tērā pea ka kitea anō hoki ngā tohu tapahi kanapa ake i te konumohe kua oti te mīhini nā te mea he ngohengohe te konganuku.

Kāore e pono te āhua anake nā te mea he maha ngā momo whakaotinga e wātea ana mō ngā rauemi e rua:

• Ka taea te whakapūkara i te kowiri tira, te whakaotinga 2B, te whakawera kanapa, te paraihe, te pupuhi pereki, te oro whakaata rānei.
• Ka taea te whakaoti i te konumohe ki te mira, te oro ā-mīhini, te whakakikoruatia ki te anodized, te peita, te whakakikorua, te pania paura rānei.
• Ka taea e te parahanga o te mata, te waikura, te kiriata tiaki me te māramatanga te whakarerekē i te tae e kitea ana.

Nō reira, me whakamahi te tirotiro ā-kanohi hei tautoko i te taumaha, te tohu, te whakamātautau tātari rānei—kaua hei tikanga tautuhi whakamutunga.

5. Arotakehia te Mārō me te Kino o te Mata

He māmā ake te whakakōkō, te keri, te whakatō, te waru rānei i ngā koranu konumohe noa i ngā koranu konumohe noa. Tērā pea ka ngau wawe te kōkō ki te konumohe, ā, tērā pea ka waiho e te taputapu koi he tohu hohonu ake i raro i te pēhanga ōrite.

Kāore tēnei whakatairite i te whakatau tika. Ka taea e te konumohe 7075 kua whakamahanatia te kaha ake, te mārō ake hoki i te konumohe parakore kua whakamahanatia. He ngohengohe ake te kowiri tira austenitic kua whakamahanatia i te kowiri tira martensitic kua whakapakeketia. Ko te hua ka whakawhirinaki anō hoki ki te koi o te taputapu, te paninga mata me te matotoru o te rauemi.

Ehara i te mea kāore e tino whakangaro te whakamātautau rakuraku, te whakamātautau kōnae rānei, nā te mea ka pakaru tonu te mata, ā, ka kore pea e whai mana te rauemi whakapaipai, te rauemi akuaku, te rauemi paninga, te rauemi kua oti pai te whakaoti. Whakamātauria anake ki tētahi wāhi para kua whakaaetia.

6. Whakatauritehia te Aroturuki Hiko

He nui ake te pai o te kawe hiko a te konumohe i te kowiri tira. Heoi, ehara i te mea pono te pā atu o te mita maha paerewa ki ngā wahi matapōkere e rua hei tikanga tautuhi. Ka whakawhirinaki hoki te ātete ki te roa, te horahanga whakawhiti, te waikura mata, te pēhanga o te tirotiro me te mokowā whakapā.

Mō te whakatairite ātete whai tikanga, me whakamahi tauira me te āhua whakahaere me te tikanga ine e tika ana. Mō ngā konganuku ātete-iti, he pai ake te ine Kelvin waea-whā, te mita kawe hiko kua whakatikatikaina rānei i te mita maha-whakamātautau rua-whakamātautau noa.

Ka whakamahia hoki ngā taputapu kawe hiko hei wehewehe me te whakarōpū i ngā whakapūmau koranu konumohe, engari kāore i te wā katoa ka tautuhi motuhake i te taumata. Me aromatawai ngā hua kawe hiko mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga hanganga, whakapūmau me te pakeke.

7. Whakatauritehia te Whakawhiti Wera

Ko te tikanga, he tere ake te horapa o te wera e te konumohe i te kowiri tira. Mena he rite te āhua, te matotoru, te pāmahana tīmatanga me te āhua o te mata o ngā tauira, ka tere ake te kawe wera a te konumohe i te wāhi wera.

Kāore e haumaru, kāore hoki e pono te whakamātautau pā noa. Ka whakawhirinaki te pāmahana o te mata ki te matotoru o te tauira, te horahanga pā, te paninga, te rere o te hau me te tikanga whakamahana. Whakamahia he thermocouples, he taputapu infrared rānei i roto i te whakamātautau whakahaeretia, ā, kia mahara ko te rerekētanga o te tukunga o te mata ka pā ki ngā pānui infrared.

Ka taea e te whanonga wera te tautoko i tētahi atu tikanga tautuhi, engari kaua e whakakapi i te ine kiato, i te tātari koranu pai rānei.

8. Whakamātautau Hiko: He Whai Hua engari he Nui te Mōrearea

Ka taea e te maitai kore waikura te whakaputa i ngā mura e kitea ana ina pā atu ki te wira huri. Kāore te konumohe e whakaputa i te rerenga rite o ngā mura huri rino. Mā tēnei rerekētanga ka āwhina i te kaiwhakahaere mohio ki te wehewehe i ngā rōpū whakarewa whānui.

He iti noa ngā herenga o te whakamātautau mura:

• Ka pakaru tūturu te mata o te hua.
• Ka taea e ia te whakapoke i te kowiri tira ki ngā matūriki huri waro-maitai.
• Ka taea e ngā matūriki konumohe angiangi me te puehu te whakararu i te ahi, i te pahūtanga rānei.
• Ka taea e ngā momo kowiri tira rerekē te whakaputa i ngā mura ahi ōrite te āhua.
• Me whai whakangungu e tika ana te kaiwhakahaere, me tango mai i ngā wheua, me whai taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE) me tētahi wāhi mahi e whakahaeretia ana.

9. Ārai i ngā Whakamātautau Matū me te Waikura Kāore i te Whakahaeretia

He rerekē te tauhohenga mata taketake o te maitai kore waikura me te konumohe nā te mea ka hangaia e ngā konganuku e rua he kiriata waikura tiaki. Kāore tēnei e waiho i te waikawa, te kawakore, te mā, te tote rānei o te whare hei tikanga pono mō te tautuhi.

Ka taea e ngā whakamātautau matū te whakapōrearea, te whakakōkō, te whakapoke rānei i te rauemi. He tino ngoikore te konumohe ki ētahi otinga kawakore me te waikawa, ko te mahi a te kowiri tira ia e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga, te kukū, te nui o te pūhaumāota, te pāmahana me te roa o te wā e whakaatuhia ana.

Whakamahia he tikanga whakamātautau arumoni kua whakaaetia me ngā kaimahi whakangungua, ngā PPE e tika ana, me te whakahaere para tika. Mō ngā rauemi whai hua, ngā rauemi rānei e whakahaeretia ana e ngā whakaritenga, he haumaru ake, he whai kōrero ake hoki te whakamātautau tātari.

10. Whakamahia te PMI mō te Tautuhinga Pai

Tātaritanga XRF ā-ringa

Ka taea e ngā taputapu ā-ringa X-ray te wehewehe tere i te maitai kore waikura mai i te konumohe, me te tautuhi i ngā huānga whakarewa maha. Ko te maitai kore waikura e whakaatu ana i te rino, te chromium, te nickel, te molybdenum me ētahi atu huānga whakarewa, ko ngā koranu konumohe ia he konumohe, ā, kei roto pea te konupora, te silicon, te parahi, te konutea, te manganese rānei.

He herenga tō te XRF mō ngā huānga māmā, ā, kaua e whakaarohia hei manatoko i te nui o te waro. Tērā pea ka wehewehe i tētahi whānau koranu whānui engari me whai tikanga anō hei wehewehe i ngā momo ko tōna rerekētanga nui ko te waro, ko ētahi atu huānga uaua ki te ine rānei.

Ine Tukunga Whatu

Ka taea e te OES te whakarato i te matū tino whānui mō te maha o ngā koranu whakarewa, ā, ka ine pea i ngā huānga kāore e taea e te XRF ringaringa te whakatau tika. Ko te tikanga, me whakarite te mata mō te whakamātautau, ā, ka puta he tohu wera iti.

Tātari Matū Taiwhanga

Mō ngā tautohe kirimana, ngā taputapu pēhanga, ngā rauemi rererangi, ngā tono hauora, ngā wāhanga haumaru nui rānei, me whakamahi pea i tētahi tikanga taiwhanga whai tohu. Me ine te tikanga kua tīpakohia i ngā huānga katoa e whakahaeretia ana e ngā whakaritenga rauemi e tika ana.

Ka whakaū te PMI i te wāhi i whakamatautauria. Kāore e manatoko aunoa i te puranga katoa, ngā āhuatanga miihini, te āhua o te tinana, te maimoatanga wera, te manawanui ā-ahu, te tutuki rānei i te paerewa hua.

Te Tukanga Tautuhi i Manakohia

He aha te Hiranga o te Tāutuhi Tika

Hoahoa Hanganga

He rerekē te mātotoru, te pakari, te kaha, te ngenge me te whanonga whakawhanui wera o te kowiri tira me te konumohe. Mā te whakakapi i tētahi rauemi mō tētahi atu me te kore arotake hoahoa ka nui rawa te piko, te taumaha rawa, te rahunga o ngā hononga, te hē rānei o te wera.

Te Whakarewa me te Hanga

He rerekē ngā momo taputapu whakarewa, ngā mahi tiaki, ngā tikanga horoi me ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te maitai kore waikura me te konumohe. Mēnā ka whakamahia te tukanga hē hei whakarewa, ka kino pea ngā wāhanga, ka poke hoki te awheawhe.

Te Waikura me te Paanga Tauira

Ina honoa te maitai kore waikura me te konumohe ki roto i te taiao mākū, kei roto rānei te tote, ka puta te waikura konukōre o te konumohe. Me tautuhi ngā rauemi kia taea ai e ngā kaihoahoa te tohu i te wehenga, ngā hiri, ngā paninga, te rerenga wai me ngā whakapiri e tika ana.

Taumaha me te Whakahaere

Mā te whakapoauau i te maitai kore waikura me te konumohe ka puta he hapa nui i roto i te taumaha ariā, te tatau utanga, ngā mahere hiki me te papatipu wāhanga. Tata ki te toru ngā wā te taumaha o te pereti maitai kore waikura i te pereti konumohe he rite tonu ngā rahi o waho.

Para me te Uara Rauemi

Ko te whakarōpūtanga para me te uara arumoni ka whakawhirinaki ki te whānau me te momo koranu. Mā te whakaranu i te maitai kore waikura ki te konumohe ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te hangarua, ā, ka arahi ki ngā uara taunga hē.

Ngā Hua Whakarewa e Pā Ana

Ka whakarato a SAKY STEEL i te kowiri tira me ngā momo hua konumohe kua tohua mō ngā hoko ahumahi me ngā whakaritenga hanga:

• Pae Kowiri tiramō ngā whakaritenga porowhita, papatahi, tapawhā, hexagonal me te pae kōtaha.
• Pepa me te Pereti Kowiri tiramō ngā rauemi kowiri tira kua hurihia papatahi me ngā rauemi tapahi-kia rite te rahi.
• Paipa Kowiri tiramō ngā hua ngongo tui, whakarewa me ngā hua ngongo hanganga.
• Ngā Hua Konumohemō ngā pātai e pā ana ki ngā paipa, rau, koiri, pae me te waea konumohe.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te huarahi māmā ki te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura mai i te konumohe?

Whakatauritea te taumaha o ngā wahi he rite ngā rahi. Ko te konumohe he tata ki te hautoru o te mātotoru o te maitai kore waikura noa. Me whakamahi ngā tohu rauemi me te PMI ina me whakaū te tohu.

He aha te mea e wehewehe ai te maitai kore waikura i te konumohe mā te aukume?

Ko te kaha o te urupare aukume e tohu ana ehara te rauemi i te konumohe noa, ā, he maitai kowiri tira ferritic, martensitic, takirua rānei. Kāore he urupare aukume e kore e taea te whakatau tika nā te mea ko ngā maitai kowiri tira 304 me te 316 he kore-aukume, he ngoikore rānei te aukume.

He taumaha ake te kowiri tira i te konumohe?

Āe. Ko te mātotoru o te maitai kore waikura noa he tata ki te 7.7–8.1 karamu/cm³, ko te nuinga o ngā koranu konumohe he tata ki te 2.7 karamu/cm³. Nō reira, e toru ngā wā ka nui ake te taumaha o te wāhanga konumohe kore waikura i te wāhanga konumohe o taua rōrahi totoka.

Ka mura te konumohe ina hurihia?

Kāore te konumohe e hanga i te mura rino rite tonu ki te kowiri tira. Ka taea tonu e te huri konumohe te whakaputa i ngā matūriki wera me te puehu mura, nō reira kaua te whakamātautau e mahia me te kore he taputapu me ngā mana whakahaere haumaru e tika ana.

Ka taea e te mita maha te tautuhi i te konumohe me te maitai kore waikura?

Kāore e pono te whakamātautau mā te whakamātautau rua-tirotiro māmā. Ka whakawhirinaki te ātete ki te āhua o te tauira me te āhua o te whakapā. Ka whakaratohia he raraunga whakatairite whai hua ake mā te taputapu kawe hiko kua whakatikatikaina, mā te ine waea-whā rānei.

Ka taea e te XRF te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura mai i te konumohe?

Āe. Ka taea e te XRF ringaringa te wehewehe wawe i te pūnaha koranu rino-konukōmiuma o te maitai kore waikura mai i ngā koranu konumohe, ā, ka taea hoki te tautuhi i ngā huānga koranu nui. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia tētahi atu tikanga ina he mea nui te whakahaere i te waro, i te huānga mārama rānei.

Ka taea te whakamahi ngātahi i te kowiri tira me te konumohe?

Ka taea te whakakotahi i ēnei, engari me whai whakaaro ki te waikura konukōre i roto i ngā taiao mākū, i ngā taiao kei roto te tote. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he rauemi wehewehe, he paninga, he hiri, he whakapiri e tika ana, me te waikeri.

He aha ngā mōhiohio e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi whakatau utu mō te maitai kore waikura?

Whakaratohia te māka, te āhua o te hua, te paerewa, ngā ine, te āhua, te mata, te rahinga, ngā tuhinga tirotiro me te ūnga. Mō ngā rauemi kāore i te mōhiotia, whakaratohia ngā whakaahua, ngā tohu, ngā ine ine me tetahi pūrongo PMI, pūrongo taiwhanga rānei e wātea ana.

Tonoa he Arotake Rauemi, he Arotake Hua rānei