Uyazazi Imililo Emine Yokwelashwa Kokushisa Kubuchwepheshe Bokwakha?

Ezweni lobuchwepheshe bokwakha,ukwelashwa kokushisaidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izakhiwo zemishini, isakhiwo sangaphakathi, kanye nokusebenza kwezingxenye ezibunjiwe. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinqubo zokwelapha ukushisa, umqondo wendabuko noxoxwa kabanzi nge-metallurgy—ikakhulukazi ekubunjweni kwensimbi—waziwa ngokuthi"Imililo Emine" yokwelashwa kokushisa.

Le "mililo emine" ibhekisela kuyoizinqubo ezine ezibalulekile zokwelapha ukushisa: ukwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile, ukuncibilikisa, ukucima, kanye nokushisa. “Umlilo” ngamunye ufeza injongo ehlukile futhi uthonya ikhwalithi yokugcina kanye nokuziphatha kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngobumba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza ngensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ye-alloy, noma insimbi engagqwali, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile konjiniyela, ochwepheshe bezinsimbi, kanye nochwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngokufanayo.

Kulesi siqondisi esiphelele, sizochazaukuthi imililo emine iyini, yenziwa kanjani, imisebenzi yayo, kanye nemiphumela yayo ezingxenyeni ezibunjiweAbahlinzeki abaphezulu bokubumba bathandai-sakysteelthembela kulezi zindlela ukuze ukhiqize ama-forging asebenza kahle kakhulu ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla.

Iyini Imililo Emine Yokwelashwa Kokushisa?

Igama elithi “imililo emine” libhekisela ngokomfanekiso ezintweni ezine ezihlukeneimijikelezo yokushisaesetshenziselwa ukushintsha nokuthuthukisa isakhiwo sezinsimbi ngemva kokubumba:

1. Ukulungisa

2. Ukufakwa kwe-Annealing

3. Ukucima (Ukuqinisa)

4. Ukulinganisela

Ngayinye yalezi zinqubo ihilela ukushisa nokupholisa okulawulwayo ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo zomzimba nezemishini ezifiselekayo.

1. Ukulungisa Izinto — Umlilo Wokuqala

Ukulungisainqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho kwenziwa khona insimbi eyenziwe ngobumbaukushisa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa layo elibalulekile lokuguqulwa (ngokuvamile 850–950°C)besekuphole emoyeni othule.

Inhloso:

• Ihlunga isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu ngemva kokwakha

• Kuthuthukisa ukuqina kanye nokufana

• Kuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi

• Ilungiselela insimbi ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva ekushiseni noma ekuqiniseni

Izinzuzo:

• Ikhiqizaisakhiwo esincane esifanayo nesinobucwebe

• Ukuthuthukisaukuzinza kobukhulungesikhathi sokucutshungulwa okuqhubekayo

• Kunciphisaingozi yokuphambuka noma yokuqhekeka

Izicelo:

Ukulungisa kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukaziinsimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi engena-alloy ephansi, njengemiphini, amagiya, amabhawodi, kanye nezinduku zokuxhuma.

i-sakysteelisebenzisa ukuvuselela njengendlela ejwayelekile yokwelapha ngemuva kokubumba ukuze kuzinziswe izakhiwo zezinto futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwemishini.

2. Ukucwiliswa — Umlilo Wesibili

Ukufakwa kwe-Annealingkwenziwa ngokufudumeza insimbi eyenziwe ngobumba kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa elithilengaphansi noma ngaphezulu kwephuzu elibalulekile (cishe ngo-680–850°C), ulandelwa nguukupholisa okuhamba kancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile esithandweni somlilo.

Inhloso:

• Nciphisa izinto

• Thuthukisa ukuguquguquka kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini

• Ukuqeda ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukwakheka noma ukushisela

• Nika amandla ukusebenza okubandayo

Izinzuzo:

• Ikhiqizaisakhiwo esithambile, ilungele ukusika noma ukwakha

• Kunciphisaukuphuka noma ukuqhekeka

• Ukuthuthukisaikhono lokuguquguquka okubandayo

Izinhlobo ze-Annealing:

• Ukufakwa kwe-annealing okugcwele

• Ukufakwa kwenqubo

• Ukushintshashintsha kwe-spheroid (kwezinsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephezulu)

Izicelo:

Okuvamile ezingxenyeni ezidingaimishini ebalulekile or ukubumba okuqhubekayo, njengamabhulokhi aqoshiwe, amasongo, noma ama-flange.

At i-sakysteel, ukunamathisela kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zesithando esilawulwayo ukuqinisekisa imiphumela ehambisanayo yebhetshi ngayinye yokwakha.

3. Ukucima (Ukuqinisa) — Umlilo Wesithathu

Ukucimakuyindlela yokwelapha ukushisa lapho insimbi ishiswa khonaamazinga okushisa aqinisayo (800–900°C)beseepholiswe ngokusheshaendaweni yokucima njengamanzi, uwoyela, noma isixazululo se-polymer.

Inhloso:

• Ukwandaubulukhuni namandla

• Dala i-isakhiwo se-martensitic

• Thuthukisa ukumelana nokuguguleka

Izinzuzo:

• Ihlinzekaubulukhuni obukhulukwezinhlelo zokusebenza zamathuluzi kanye ne-die

• Ukwandaumthamo othwala umthwalo

• Inika amandlaimpilo yesevisi endengaphansi kokucindezeleka

Izingozi:

• Ukupholisa okusheshayo kakhulukungabangela ukuphambuka noma ukuqhekeka

• Ukwethulaukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, okumele kukhululwe ngokunciphisa

Izicelo:

Ilungele amathuluzi ahlanganisiwe, izingxenye ezingagugi, amadayimane, izingxenye zezimoto nezindiza ezidingaubulukhuni obuphezulu namandla.

i-sakysteelisebenzisa ukucima kanye nokushisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo ezilinganiselayo zemishini ekufakweni kwensimbi ye-alloy.

4. Ukushisa — Umlilo Wesine

Ukulinganiselayisigaba sokugcina senqubo yokwelapha ukushisa, eyenziwa ngemva kokucima. Insimbi iyashiswa kabusha ukuzeizinga lokushisa eliphansi (ngokuvamile 150–650°C)besekupholiswe ngesilinganiso esilawulwayo.

Inhloso:

• Nciphisa ukucindezeleka okuvela ekuqedeni

• Nciphisa ukuphuka

• Thuthukisa ukuqina kanye nokuqina

• Lungisa ubulukhuni bufike ezingeni olifunayo

Izinzuzo:

• Amabhalansiubulukhuni nokuqina

• Ukuthuthukisaukumelana nokukhathala

• Ivimbelaukuqhekeka okungalindelekilekusenkonzweni

Imibala Yokulinganisela:

Ochwepheshe bensimbi bavame ukubhekisela ekushiseni okushisa besebenzisa izinkomba zombala:

• Ophuzi okhanyayo (umoya ophansi): Ubulukhuni obuphezulu

• Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (umsindo ophezulu): Ukuqina okungcono

Izicelo:

Kusetshenziswe ku-amagiya ahlanganisiwe, imiphini, amadayi, amathuluzi, neziphethu, ikakhulukazi labo ababhekene nokucindezeleka noma umthelela ojikelezayo.

i-sakysteelilungisa amazinga okushisa okushisa ngokusekelwe ezingeni lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezidingo zempahla yamakhasimende.

Isifinyezo Semililo Emine