Mokhoa oa ho Khetholla Boleng ba ho Forging

Forging ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso e sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa likarolo tse nang le matla a phahameng, khanyetso e ntle ea mokhathala, le ts'epahalo ea sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, ha se likarolo tsohle tse entsoeng tse entsoeng ka ho lekana. Ho khethollaboleng ba ho qapaho bohlokoa ho netefatsa polokeho, ts'ebetso, le ho tsamaellana le litekanyetso tsa machaba-haholo-holo indastering e kang ea sefofane, likoloi, oli le khase, matla le mechine e boima.

Sengoliloeng sena, re fana ka tataiso e felletseng mabapi le mokhoa oa ho khetholla boleng ba forgings. Ho tloha tlhahlobong ea pono ho isa litekong tse tsoetseng pele tse sa senyeheng le netefatso ea setifikeiti, sengoloa sena sa litaba sa SEO se hlahisa mekhoa e sebetsang ea netefatso ea boleng. Hore na o moreki, moenjiniere, kapa mohlahlobi, ho utloisisa mokhoa oa ho lekola lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ho tla u thusa ho etsa liqeto tse ntle ka ho fetisisa.

Ke Hobane'ng ha Boleng bo le Bohlokoa ho Forging

Hangata likarolo tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso li sebelisoae belehang, khatello e phahameng, lemocheso o phahamengtikoloho. Mekhabiso e fosahetseng kapa e sa tloaelehang e ka lebisa ho:

• Ho hloleha ha lisebelisoa

• Likotsi tsa polokeho

• Nako ea nako ea tlhahiso

• Costly hopola

Ho netefatsa boleng ba ho qhekella ho sireletsa khoebo ea hau le basebelisi ba ho qetela. Ke ka lebaka leo barekisi ba litsebi ba ratangsakysteelkenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e thata ea taolo ea boleng ho tloha ho khetho ea thepa e tala ho fihlela tlhahlobo ea ho qetela.

1. Tlhahlobo ea Pono

Mohato oa pele oa ho khetholla boleng ba forging ke tlhahlobo e hlokolosi ea pono. Mohlahlobi ea hloahloa a ka bona liphoso tsa boemo bo holimo tse ka supang litaba tse tebileng.

Seo u ka se batlang:

• Mapetso a bokaholimo kapa mela ea moriri

• Lirope(ho phalla ha tšepe)

• Mekotla kapa mafome

• Libaka tse sa leka-lekaneng kapa matšoao

• Flash kapa burrs(haholo-holo ka mokhoa o koetsoeng)

Mekhabiso e nang le bokaholimo bo hloekileng, bo boreleli le matšoao a nepahetseng (nomoro ea mocheso, nomoro ea batch) e kanna ea ba ea boleng bo amohelehang.

sakysteele netefatsa hore likarolo tsohle tse qhekelitsoeng lia hloekisoa le ho hlahlojoa ka pono pele ho liteko tse ling kapa ho romelloa.

2. Ho Nepaha ha Dimensional le Sebopeho

Likarolo tse entsoeng li tlameha ho lumellana le litekanyo tse nepahetseng le mamello. Sebelisa lisebelisoa tse lekantsoeng joalo ka:

• Li-calipers tsa Vernier

• Li-micrometer

• Mechini e lekanyang e hokahanyang (CMM)

• Liprojeke tsa profil

Sheba bakeng sa:

• Litekanyo tse nepahetsenge thehiloeng litšoantšong

• Bophatlalatsi kapa bo chitja

• Symmetry le ho tšoana

• Ho lumellana ho pholletsa le lihlopha

Ho kheloha ho ka 'na ha bontša boleng bo fokolang ba lefu kapa taolo e sa lokelang ea mocheso ea forging.

3. Netefatso ea Thepa ea Mechini

Ho etsa bonnete ba hore forging e ka mamella meroalo e reriloeng, thepa ea mochini e tlameha ho lekoa:

Liteko tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:

• Teko ea tensile: Ho fana ka matla, matla a tsitsitseng, bolelele

• Teko ea boimaBrinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), kapa Vickers (HV)

• Teko ea tšusumetso: Charpy V-notch, haholo-holo ka mocheso o ka tlaase ho zero

Bapisa liphetho le litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng tse kang:

• ASTM A182, A105bakeng sa lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe

• EN 10222, DIN 7527

• SAE AMSbakeng sa likarolo tsa sefofane

sakysteelthepa ea forgings e nang le thepa e netefalitsoeng ea mochini e fihlelang kapa e fetang litlhoko tse tloaelehileng.

4. Tlhahlobo ea Ultrasonic (UT) bakeng sa Mefokolo ea Ka hare

Ultrasonic tlhahlobo ke ateko e sa senyehenge sebelisetsoang ho bona mefokolo ea ka hare e kang:

• Ho fokotseha ha likoti

• Kenyelletso

• Mapetso

• Laminations

Maemo a kangASTM A388 or KA 1921 SEPhlalosa maemo a kamohelo a UT. Lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo li lokela ho ba le:

• Ha ho li-discontinuities tse kholo

• Ha ho na liphoso tse fetang meeli e lumelletsoeng

• Hloekisa litlaleho tsa UT tse nang le litšupiso tse ka latelloang

Tsohle tse bohlokoa forgings ho tlohasakysteeletsa 100% UT ho latela litlhoko tsa bareki le indasteri.

5. Macrostructure and Microstructure Analysis

Ho hlahloba sebopeho sa lijo-thollo tse ka hare ho thusa ho lekola katleho ea mokhoa oa ho forging.

Liteko tsa macrostructure (mohlala, ASTM E381) hlahloba:

• Mela e phallang

• Karohano

• Mapetso a ka hare

• Banding

Liteko tsa Microstructure (mohlala, ASTM E112) li hlahloba:

• Boholo ba lijo-thollo le mokhoa

• Mehato (martensite, ferrite, austenite)

• Maemo a kenyelletso (ASTM E45)

Li-Forging tse nang le libopeho tse ntle, tse ts'oanang tsa lijo-thollo le mela e tsamaisanang ea phallo hangata li fana ka khanyetso e ntle ea mokhathala le ho tšoarella.

sakysteele etsa tlhahlobo ea metallographic bakeng sa likarolo tse nepahetseng tse phahameng tse sebelisoang sebakeng sa sefofane le tlhahiso ea matla.

6. Netefatso ea Phekolo ea Mocheso

Phekolo e nepahetseng ea mocheso ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea forging. Sheba tse latelang:

• Maemo a thataka mor'a ho khutsisa le ho kokobetsa

• Liphetoho tsa microstructureka mor'a phekolo ea tharollo

• Botebo ba nyeoebakeng sa likarolo tse thata-thata

Netefatsa hore kalafo ea mocheso e entsoe ho latela maemo a nepahetseng (mohlala,ASTM A961) le hore e ikamahanya le sephetho sa thepa ea mochini.

Litlaleho tsa phekolo ea mocheso le lichate tsa mocheso li lokela ho fumaneha ho tsoa ho mofani oa thepa.

7. Teko ea Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale

Netefatsa boemo ba alloy u sebelisa:

• Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES)

• X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

• Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale tse metsi (bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata)

Hlahloba ho lumellana le litekanyetso tsa thepa tse kang:

• ASTM A29bakeng sa tšepe ea carbon/alloy

• ASTM A276bakeng sa tšepe e sa hloekang

• AMS 5643bakeng sa limaraka tsa sefofane

Lintho tse ka sehloohong li kenyelletsa carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, joalo-joalo.

sakysteele tsamaisa 100% PMI (Positive Material Identification) bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle tse tsoang.

8. Bokhopo le Bohloeki

Lisebelisoa tsa boleng bo holimo hangata li hloka tse khethehilengbokaholimo ba bokaholimo (litekanyetso tsa Ra)ho ipapisitse le ts'ebeliso ea bona:

• <3.2 μm bakeng sa ho forging ka mochini

• <1.6 μm bakeng sa sepakapaka kapa likarolo tsa ho tiisa

Sebelisa li-surface roughness testers kapa profilometers ho netefatsa boleng ba ho qetela.

Likarolo le tsona li tlameha ho lokoloha ho:

• Sekala sa oxide

• Oli kapa masalla a mokelikeli o sehang

• Lintho tse silafatsang

sakysteele fana ka lisebelisoa tse qhekelitsoeng tse nang le lisebelisoa tse betliloeng, tse khethiloeng, kapa tse entsoeng ka mochini ho latela kopo ea bareki.

9. Traceability le Documentation

Etsa bonnete ba hore tlhahiso ke:

• E tšoailoe ka nepoka nomoro ea mocheso, nomoro ea batch, le kereiti

• E hokahane le MTC ea eona (Setifikeiti sa Teko ea Mill)

• E tsamaellana le litokomane tse felletseng, ho kenyelletsa:

  • EN10204 3.1 kapa setifikeiti sa 3.2

  • Litlaleho tsa phekolo ea mocheso

  • Litlaleho tsa tlhahlobo (UT, MPI, DPT)

  • Dimensional le hardness data

Traceability ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boleng le tumello ea morero.

sakysteele boloka ts'ebetso e felletseng ea dijithale le 'mele bakeng sa thepa eohle e romelloang ka sekepe.

10.Tlhahlobo ea Mokha oa Boraro le Setifikeiti

Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa, ho hlokahala tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro. Mekhatlo e tloaelehileng ea setifikeiti e kenyelletsa:

• SGS

• TÜV Rheinland

• Ngoliso ea Lloyd (LR)

• Bureau Veritas (BV)

Ba netefatsa boikemelo ba sehlahisoa le ho fana ka tsonalitlaleho tsa tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro.

sakysteele sebelisana le mekhatlo e etelletseng pele ea TPI ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bareki ba lefats'e, haholoholo bakeng sa merero ea nyutlelie, ea leoatleng le ea sebaka sa oli.

Tloaelehileng Forging Mefokolo ho Qoba

• Maqhetsoana (ka holim'a metsi kapa ka hare)

• Ho tlatsa ho sa fella

• Lirope kapa mameno

• Decarburization

• Kenyelletso kapa porosity

• Delamination

Mefokolo e joalo e ka bakoa ke boleng bo bobe ba thepa e tala, moralo o sa lokelang, kapa mocheso o sa lekaneng oa forging. Litlhahlobo tsa boleng li thusa ho lemoha le ho thibela mathata ana.

Qetello

Ho khetholla boleng ba ho qhekella ho kenyelletsa ho kopanya licheke tsa pono, netefatso ea boholo, tlhahlobo ea mochini, tlhahlobo e sa senyeheng le tlhahlobo ea litokomane. Ho netefatsa hore ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e qhekellang e fetisa mekhoa ena ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho hlōleha, ho ntlafatsa ts'epahalo ea ts'ebetso, le ho haha ​​ts'epo ho basebelisi ba ho qetela.

Ho khetha mofani oa thepa ea behang boleng pele ho bohlokoa joalo ka ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo.sakysteelke molekane oa hau ea ka tšeptjoang ho fana ka lits'ebetso tse phahameng tse finyellang litekanyetso tsa machaba, tse tšehetsoeng ke liteko tse matla le ho latelloa ka ho feletseng.