Indlela yokuchonga uMgangatho wokuQinisa

I-Forging yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iindawo ezinamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokudinwa okugqwesileyo, kunye nokuthembeka kolwakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ayingawo onke amalungu abunjiweyo adalwe alinganayo. Ukuchonga iumgangatho wokubumbakubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukusebenza, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe-ingakumbi kumashishini afana ne-aerospace, i-automotive, i-oyile kunye negesi, amandla kunye noomatshini abanzima.

Kweli nqaku, sinika isikhokelo esipheleleyo malunga nendlela yokuchonga umgangatho we-forgings. Ukusuka ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo ukuya kuvavanyo oluphezulu olungonakalisi kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi, le ngqungquthela yeendaba ze-SEO ichaza iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Nokuba ungumthengi, injineli, okanye umhloli, ukuqonda ukuba uzivandlakanya njani iimveliso zomgunyathi kuya kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezingcono zokukhangela izinto.

Kutheni uMgangatho ubalulekile kwiForging

Amalungu abunjiweyo ahlala esetyenziswa kwiukuthwala umthwalo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwayeubushushu obuphezuluiindawo ezingqongileyo. Ukubunjwa okungafanelekanga okanye okukumgangatho ophantsi kunokukhokelela:

• Ukusilela kwezixhobo

• Iingozi zokhuseleko

• Ixesha lokunciphisa imveliso

• Iindleko zokukhumbula

Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wobumba ukhusela ishishini lakho kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Yiyo loo nto ababoneleli abaqeqeshiweyo bethandasakysteelphumeza iinkqubo ezingqongqo zolawulo lomgangatho ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto ezikrwada ukuya kuhlolo lokugqibela.

1. UHlolo Olubonwayo

Inyathelo lokuqala ekuchongeni umgangatho wokubumba kukuhlola okubonakalayo ngononophelo. Umhloli onobuchule unokubona iziphene zomgangatho ophezulu ezinokubonisa imiba enzulu.

Omawukhangele:

• Ukuqhekeka komphezulu okanye iinwele

• Umjikelo(ukuhamba kwentsimbi ethe kratya)

• Isikali imingxuma okanye umhlwa

• Umphezulu ongalinganiyo okanye amanqaku okufa

• Flash okanye burrs(ingakumbi kwi-closed-die forging)

Iifogi ezinomgangatho ococekileyo, ogudileyo kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo (inombolo yobushushu, inombolo yebhetshi) kunokwenzeka ukuba zibe kumgangatho owamkelekileyo.

sakysteeliqinisekisa ukuba zonke iindawo ezibunjiweyo ziyacocwa kwaye zihlolwe ngokubonakalayo phambi kovavanyo olongezelelweyo okanye ukuthunyelwa.

2. Ukuchaneka koMda kunye noBume

Amalungu abunjiweyo kufuneka ahambelane nemilinganiselo echanekileyo kunye nokunyamezela. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezifana nezi:

• I-Vernier calipers

• Micrometers

• Ukulungelelanisa oomatshini bokulinganisa (CMM)

• Iiprofayili zeprofayile

Khangela:

• Imilinganiselo echanekileyongokusekelwe kwimizobo

• Ukucaba okanye ukungqukuva

• I-Symmetry kunye nokufana

• Ukuhambelana kwiibhetshi

Ukutenxa kumda kungabonisa umgangatho ombi wokufa okanye ulawulo olungafanelekanga lokulawula ubushushu.

3. uQinisekiso lwePropati yoomatshini

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubunjwa kunokumelana nomthwalo ocetywayo, iimpawu zomatshini kufuneka zivavanywe:

Iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• Uvavanyo lwe-tensile: Amandla okuvelisa, amandla okuqina, ubude

• Uvavanyo lokuqina: Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), okanye Vickers (HV)

• Uvavanyo lwempembelelo: I-Charpy V-notch, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-zero

Thelekisa iziphumo kunye neenkcukacha eziqhelekileyo ezifana nezi:

• I-ASTM A182, A105zokwenziwa ngentsimbi

• EN 10222, DIN 7527

• SAE AMSkwiindawo ze-aerospace

sakysteelibonelela ngezinto ezifogiweyo ezineempawu eziqinisekisiweyo zoomatshini ezihlangabezana okanye ezingaphezulu kweemfuneko ezisemgangathweni.

4. Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic (UT) kwiziphene zangaphakathi

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic auvavanyo olungonakalisiesetyenziselwa ukukhangela iziphene zangaphakathi ezifana nezi:

• Ukucutheka kwemingxuma

• Ukubandakanywa

• Iintanda

• Laminations

Imigangatho efanaI-ASTM A388 or SEP 1921chaza amanqanaba okwamkelwa kwe-UT. Iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kufuneka zibe:

• Akukho kupheliswa okukhulu

• Akukho ziphene zigqitha kwimida evumelekileyo

• Iingxelo ezicocekileyo ze-UT ezineembekiselo ezinokulandeleka

Zonke forgings ezibalulekileyo ukusukasakysteelingena kwi-100% ye-UT ngokomthengi ngamnye kunye neemfuno zeshishini.

5. Uhlalutyo lwe-Macrostructure kunye neMicrostructure

Ukuvavanya ubume bengqolowa yangaphakathi kunceda ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokubumba.

Uvavanyo lweMacrostructure (umzekelo, ASTM E381) khangela:

• Imigca ehambayo

• Ukwahlulahlula

• Iintanda zangaphakathi

• Ukudibanisa

Uvavanyo lweMicrostructure (umz., ASTM E112) luvavanya:

• Ubungakanani beenkozo kunye nokuqhelaniswa

• Izigaba (martensite, ferrite, austenite)

• Amanqanaba okubandakanywa (ASTM E45)

Iifologi ezinobume obucolekileyo, obufanayo obuziinkozo kunye nemigca yokuqukuqela elungelelanisiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo zinikela ngcono ukumelana nokudinwa kunye nokuqina.

sakysteelyenza uhlalutyo lwe-metallographic kwiindawo ezichanekileyo eziphezulu ezisetyenziswa kwi-aerospace kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.

6. Ukuqinisekiswa koNyango loBushushu

Unyango olululo lobushushu lubalulekile ekwandiseni umsebenzi wokulungisa. Jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Amanqanaba obunzimaemva kokuphumla kunye nokufudumala

• Utshintsho lweMicrostructureemva konyango lwesisombululo

• Ubunzulu betyalaiindawo eziqiniswe phezulu

Qinisekisa ukuba unyango lobushushu lwenziwe ngokomgangatho ochanekileyo (umz.,I-ASTM A961) kwaye ihambelana neziphumo zepropathi yoomatshini.

Iirekhodi zokunyanga ukushisa kunye neetshathi zokushisa kufuneka zifumaneke kumthengisi.

7. UVavanyo lokuBumba kweMichiza

Qinisekisa ibakala lengxubevange usebenzisa:

• I-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES)

• I-X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

• Iindlela zekhemikhali ezimanzi (zolamlo)

Khangela ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yezinto ezifana:

• I-ASTM A29kuba carbon / ingxubevange yentsimbi

• I-ASTM A276ngentsimbi engatyiwayo

• I-AMS 5643kumabanga e-aerospace

Izinto eziphambili ziquka i-carbon, i-manganese, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium, njl.

sakysteeliqhuba i-100% ye-PMI (i-Positive Material Identification) kuzo zonke iibhetshi eziphumayo.

8. Uburhabaxa kunye nococeko

Iifogi ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlala zifuna izinto ezithileuburhabaxa bomphezulu (amaxabiso eRa)kuxhomekeke kwisicelo sabo:

• <3.2 μm yokurhweba ngoomatshini

• <1.6 μm ye-aerospace okanye iindawo zokutywina

Sebenzisa abavavanyi boburhabaxa bomphezulu okanye iiprofilometers ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokugqiba.

Amalungu nawo kufuneka akhululeke:

• Isikali seoksijini

• I-oyile okanye intsalela yolwelo lokusika

• Izingcolisi

sakysteelinikeza amacandelo abunjiweyo ngokugudiswa, okucoliweyo, okanye okugqitywe ngoomatshini ngokwesicelo somthengi.

9. Ukulandelelwa kunye noXwebhu

Qinisekisa ukuba ukubunjwa kuku:

• Iphawulwe ngokufanelekileyongenani lobushushu, inombolo yebhetshi, kunye nebakala

• Idityaniswe ne-MTC yayo (iSatifikethi soVavanyo lokusila)

• Ikhatshwa ngamaxwebhu apheleleyo, kuquka:

  • EN10204 3.1 okanye 3.2 isatifikethi

  • Iirekhodi zonyango lobushushu

  • Iingxelo zohlolo (UT, MPI, DPT)

  • Idatha yobukhulu kunye nobulukhuni

Ukulandeleka kubalulekile kuphicotho olusemgangathweni kunye nokuvunywa kweprojekthi.

sakysteeligcina ukulandeleka okupheleleyo kwedijithali kunye nokwasemzimbeni kuzo zonke iifogi ezithunyelwe ngenqanawa.

10.Uhlolo lweQela lesithathu kunye neSiqinisekiso

Kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo, ukuhlolwa komntu wesithathu kuyadingeka. Amaqumrhu okuqinisekisa aqhelekileyo aquka:

• SGS

• TÜV Rheinland

• Irejista kaLloyd (LR)

• I-Bureau Veritas (BV)

Baqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo ukuthotyelwa kwemveliso kunye nokukhuphaiingxelo zokuhlolwa komntu wesithathu.

sakysteelisebenzisana nee-arhente eziphambili ze-TPI ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabaxumi behlabathi, ngakumbi kwiiprojekthi zenyukliya, zaselwandle, kunye ne-oyile.

Iziphene Zokuqulunqa eziqhelekileyo ekufuneka uziphephe

• Iintanda (umphezulu okanye ngaphakathi)

• Ukuzaliswa okungaphelelanga

• Ukugoba okanye ukugoba

• I-Decarburization

• Ukufakwa okanye i-porosity

• I-Delamination

Ezo ziphene zinokusuka kumgangatho ombi wemathiriyeli ekrwada, uyilo olungafanelekanga lokufa, okanye ubushushu obungonelanga bokubumba. Ukuhlolwa komgangatho kunceda ukufumanisa nokuthintela le miba.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuchonga umgangatho we-forging kubandakanya indibaniselwano yokuhlola okubonwayo, ukuqinisekiswa komda, uvavanyo lomatshini, uvavanyo olungonakalisi, kunye nophononongo lwamaxwebhu. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-forging nganye idlula ezi khrayitheriya kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusilela, kuphucula ukuthembeka kokusebenza, kwaye kwakha ukuthembana nabasebenzisi bokugqibela.

Ukukhetha umthengisi obeka phambili umgangatho kubaluleke kakhulu njengenkqubo yokuhlolwa.sakysteelliqabane lakho elithembekileyo ekuhambiseni imigangatho yokusebenza ephezulu ehlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, exhaswa luvavanyo olungqongqo kunye nokulandeleka okupheleleyo.