Pehea e ʻike ai i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana

He kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi ʻo Forging i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa luhi maikaʻi, a me ka hilinaʻi o ka hale. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻopunipuni a pau. ʻIke ʻana i kamaikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻanahe mea nui e hōʻoia i ka palekana, ka hana, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana o ka honua - ʻoi loa i nā ʻoihana e like me ka aerospace, automotive, aila a me ke kinoea, ikehu, a me nā mīkini kaumaha.

Ma kēia ʻatikala, hāʻawi mākou i kahi alakaʻi piha i ka ʻike ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā forgings. Mai ka nānā ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole a me ka hōʻoia hōʻoia, hōʻike kēia ʻatikala SEO i nā ala kūpono no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi. Inā he mea kūʻai aku ʻoe, ʻenekinia, a mea nānā paha, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka loiloi ʻana i nā huahana forged e kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻoholo i nā hoʻoholo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

No ke aha he mea nui ka maikaʻi ma ka hoʻopololei

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lokolawe ukana, kiʻekiʻe-pressure, akiʻekiʻe-mehanakaiapuni. Hiki ke alakaʻi ʻia nā hana hewa ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​kumu kuʻuna i:

• Haʻule nā lako

• Nā pōʻino palekana

• Hoʻopau manawa hana

• Hoʻomanaʻo kumukūʻai

ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka forging e pale i kāu ʻoihana a me nā mea hoʻohana hope. ʻO ia ke kumu e makemake ai nā mea hoʻolako ʻoihanasakysteele hoʻokō i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomalu maikaʻi mai ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai a hiki i ka nānā hope ʻana.

1. Nānā Kiʻi

ʻO ka hana mua i ka ʻike ʻana i ka maikaʻi forging ʻo ia ka nānā ʻike maka. Hiki i kahi mea nānā akamai ke ʻike i nā hemahema o ka ʻili e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia hohonu.

He aha e nānā ai:

• Nā māwae ʻili a i ʻole nā lau lauoho

• Laps(ke kahe ʻana metala)

• Nā lua unahi a i ʻole ka ʻōpala

• Nā ʻili like ʻole a i ʻole nā hōʻailona make

• Flash a i ʻole burrs(ʻoi loa i ka hana pani pani ʻia)

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana me nā ʻili maʻemaʻe, ʻoluʻolu a me nā kaha kūpono (helu wela, helu pūʻulu).

sakysteelhōʻoia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a nānā ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻouna ʻana.

2. Pono ka Ana a me ke Kinohi

Pono nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ana kūpono a me nā ʻae. E hoʻohana i nā mea hana calibrated e like me:

• ʻO nā calipers ʻo Vernier

• Micrometers

• Nā mīkini ana hoʻonohonoho (CMM)

• Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻi

E nānā no:

• Nā ana kūponoma muli o nā kaha kiʻi

• Palahalaha a poepoe paha

• Symmetry a kūlike

• Ka paʻa ʻana ma nā pūʻulu

Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke ana ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka make a i ʻole ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka wela.

3. Hooia Waiwai Mechanical

No ka hōʻoia ʻana e hiki i ka forging ke kū i nā ukana i manaʻo ʻia, pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia nā waiwai mechanical:

Loaʻa nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau:

• Hoʻāʻo tensile: Ka ikaika hua, ikaika tensile, elongation

• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo paʻakikī: Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), a i ʻole Vickers (HV)

• Ka ho'āʻo hopena: ʻO Charpy V-notch, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā mahana ma lalo o ka zero

E hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena me nā kikoʻī maʻamau e like me:

• ASTM A182, A105no ka hao hao

• EN 10222, DIN 7527

• SAE AMSno nā ʻāpana aerospace

sakysteelhoʻolako i nā forgings me nā waiwai mechanical i hōʻoia ʻia e kūpono a ʻoi aku paha i nā koi maʻamau.

4. Ka Ho'āʻo Ultrasonic (UT) no nā hemahema o loko

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka ultrasonic he ahoao hoopau olehoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā hemahema o loko e like me:

• ʻO nā lua hōʻemi

• Hoʻokomo

• māwae

• Laminations

Nā kūlana e like meASTM A388 or SEP 1921wehewehe i nā pae ʻae UT. Pono nā forging kiʻekiʻe:

• ʻAʻohe mea hoʻopau nui

• ʻAʻohe hemahema ma mua o nā palena i ʻae ʻia

• Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hōʻike UT me nā kuhikuhi hiki ke loaʻa

Pau koʻikoʻi forgings maisakysteele loaʻa iā 100% UT e like me nā koi o ka mea kūʻai aku a me ka ʻoihana.

5. ʻIkepili Macrostructure a me Microstructure

ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka palaoa i loko e kōkua i ka loiloi i ka pono o ke kaʻina hana forging.

Nā hoʻokolohua Macrostructure (e laʻa, ASTM E381) nānā no:

• laina kahe

• Hoʻokaʻawale

• Nā māwae kūloko

• Pākuʻi

Nānā nā hoʻokolohua microstructure (e laʻa, ASTM E112):

• ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa a me ke kuhikuhi

• Nā pae (martensite, ferrite, austenite)

• Nā pae hoʻokomo (ASTM E45)

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana me nā hale palaoa maikaʻi, ʻano like ʻole a me nā laina kahe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hāʻawi maʻamau i ka pale ʻana i ka luhi a me ka lōʻihi.

sakysteelhana i ka loiloi metallographic no nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka aerospace a me ka hana mana.

6. Hōʻoia Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Wela

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama wela kūpono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana forging. E nānā i kēia mau mea:

• Nā pae paʻakikīma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana

• Hoʻololi microstructurema hope o ka lāʻau hoʻonā

• Ka hohonu o ka hihiano nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka ʻili

E hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela e like me ke kūlana kūpono (e laʻa,ASTM A961) a pili ia me nā hopena waiwai mechanical.

Pono e loaʻa nā moʻolelo mālama wela a me nā palapala wela mai ka mea hoʻolako.

7. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kemika

E hōʻoia i ka pae o ka alloy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i:

• ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana (OES)

• X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

• Nā ala kemika pulu (no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana)

E nānā no ka kūlike me nā kūlana waiwai e like me:

• ASTM A29no ke kila kalapona/alloy

• ASTM A276no ke kila kila

• AMS 5643no nā papa aerospace

ʻO nā mea nui ka carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, etc.

sakysteelalakaʻi iā 100% PMI (Positive Material Identification) no nā pūʻulu puka a pau.

8. ʻO ka ʻili a me ka maʻemaʻe

Pono pinepine nā forging kiʻekiʻe i kahi kikoʻīʻoʻoleʻa o ka ʻili (Ra waiwai)ma muli o kā lākou noi:

• <3.2 μm no ka hana ʻana i nā mīkini

• <1.6 μm no ka aerospace a i ʻole nā ʻāpana sila

E hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻāʻo ʻino a i ʻole profilometers e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka pau ʻana.

Pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻāpana mai:

• Pālākiō oxide

• ʻO ka ʻaila a ʻokiʻoki i ke koena wai

• Nā mea haumia

sakysteelhāʻawi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka hoʻopau ʻia, pickled, a i ʻole machined e like me ke noi a ka mea kūʻai aku.

9. Hiki ke ʻimi a me ka palapala

E hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana:

• Kakau ponome ka helu wela, ka helu hui, a me ka helu

• Hoʻopili ʻia i kāna MTC (Mill Test Certificate)

• Hoʻopili ʻia me nā palapala piha, me:

  • EN10204 3.1 a i ʻole 3.2 palapala

  • Nā moʻolelo mālama wela

  • Nā hōʻike nānā (UT, MPI, DPT)

  • ʻIkepili ana a me ka paʻakikī

Pono ka traceability no ka loiloi maikaʻi a me ka ʻae ʻana o ka papahana.

sakysteelmālama i nā kikohoʻe piha a me ke kino traceability no nā forgings a pau i hoʻouna ʻia.

10.Nānā a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu

No nā noi koʻikoʻi, koi ʻia ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu. Aia nā hui hōʻoia maʻamau:

• SGS

• TÜV Rheinland

• Ka papa inoa o Lloyd (LR)

• Bureau Veritas (BV)

Hōʻoia kūʻokoʻa lākou i ka hoʻokō huahana a me ka hoʻopukanā hōʻike nānā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.

sakysteelhui pū me nā keʻena alakaʻi TPI e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā mea kūʻai aku honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā papahana nuklea, moana, a me ka ʻaila.

ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia nā hemahema forging maʻamau

• Nā māwae (ka ʻili a i loko paha)

• Hoʻopiha piha ʻole

• Nā ʻūhā a i ʻole nā pelu

• Decarburization

• Hoʻokomo a porosity

• Delamination

Hiki mai ia mau hemahema ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka waiwai maka, ka hoʻolālā make kūpono ʻole, a i ʻole ka lawa ʻole o ka wela forging. Kōkua ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi e ʻike a pale i kēia mau pilikia.

Ka hopena

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka forgings e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā nānā ʻike, hōʻoia dimensional, hoʻāʻo mechanical, hoʻāʻo ʻole luku, a me ka loiloi palapala. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēlā me kēia forging i hala i kēia mau pae hoʻohālikelike e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻole, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hilinaʻi o ka hana, a kūkulu i ka hilinaʻi me nā mea hoʻohana hope.

ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻolako e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maikaʻi e like me ke kaʻina hana nānā.sakysteelʻO kāu hoa hilinaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā forging hana kiʻekiʻe e kū ana i nā kūlana honua, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka hoʻāʻo ikaika a me ka traceability piha.