AMS 6514 Maraging 300 Hlau UNS K93160 Round Bar

Kev Piav Qhia Luv:

AMS 6514 Maraging 300 Steel Bar UNS K93160 muab lub zog laus ultra-high, zoo toughness thiab qis heat-treatment distortion rau aerospace shafts thiab tooling. Cov kab puag ncig txhawb kev cai diameters, finishes, cutting, MTC thiab EN 10204 3.1.


  • Qib:Maraging 300 / C300 / UNS K93160
  • Tus Qauv:AMS 6514
  • Nto:Dub / Peeled / Tig / Av
  • Hom:Lub Rooj Sib Tw
  • Cov Khoom Qhia Txog Khoom

    Cov Cim Npe Khoom

    Maraging 300 Steel Bar, tseem hu ua C300, 18Ni300, UNS K93160 thiab W.Nr. 1.6354, yog cov hlau maraging uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg, nickel-cobalt-molybdenum uas muab los ua cov hlau puag ncig rau kev siv hauv aerospace, rocket, lub zog siab thiab cov cuab yeej siv precision. Nws tsim kom muaj zog heev los ntawm kev laus ntawm cov hlau nickel-martensitic matrix uas tawv dua li los ntawm kev ua kom cov pa roj carbon ntau dhau.

    SAKY STEEL muab AMS 6514 Maraging 300 puag ncig bar hauv cov kua-annealed lossis teev tseg hnub nyoog mob. Muaj kev ua tiav yuav suav nrog pom txiav, tev tawv, tig ntxhib, centerless sib tsoo thiab machining. Txoj kab uas hla, ntev, kam rau siab, melting txoj kev, qhov chaw mob, kev kho cua sov thiab kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau hais meej meej hauv kev nug yuav khoom.

    Cov Lus Cim Xaiv Khoom Siv:Maraging 300 raug xaiv thaum xav tau lub zog siab heev, kev tawv tawv los ntawm kev txiav, kev tawv thiab kev laus qis. Nws muaj lub zog laus dua li Maraging 250 tab sis feem ntau muab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tawv qis dua, yog li kev xaiv qib yuav tsum xav txog cov qauv geometry ntawm cov khoom, kev thauj khoom qaug zog, qhov yuav tsum tau tawg thiab cov lus qhia engineering siv tau.

    Cov Khoom Siv

    Khoom Cov Lus Qhia Txog Khoom
    Lub Npe Khoom Maraging 300 Hlau Round Bar
    Qib Maraging 300 / C300 / 18Ni300
    Lub Npe UNS UNS K93160
    Cov Lus Qhia Txog Tebchaws Europe W.Nr. 1.6354 / X2NiCoMo18-9-5
    Tsev neeg khoom siv 18% nickel cobalt-molybdenum maraging hlau
    Cov duab ntawm cov khoom Round bar thiab forged round bar
    Qhov Loj Tsim Khoom Ib Txwm Muaj Kwv yees li ntawm Ø10–250 hli
    Qhov Loj Ua Raws Li Kev Txiav Txim Cov khoom loj dua uas raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev siv tshuab
    Ntev 1000–6000 hli los yog txiav kom ntev
    Qhov Chaw Tiav Dub, peeled, roughed tig los yog grinded
    Kev Xa Khoom Cov tshuaj annealed los yog laus thaum teev tseg
    Tus Qauv AMS 6514
    Kev kam rau siab Kev kam rau siab AMS, h9, h11 lossis kos duab tshwj xeeb
    Cov Kev Pabcuam Muaj Txiav, tev tawv, tig, sib tsoo thiab ua haujlwm
    Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj MTC, EN 10204 3.1 thiab cov ntawv qhia kev tshuaj xyuas

    Cov Tshuaj Lom Zem

    Maraging 300 yog ib qho hlau-nickel uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev uas tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cobalt, molybdenum, titanium thiab txhuas. Piv nrog Maraging 250, qib C300 feem ntau muaj ntau cobalt thiab titanium kom tau txais cov lus teb siab dua rau nag lossis daus.

    Khoom Cov Ntsiab Lus Ib Txwm Muaj, wt.% Kev Ua Haujlwm Txog Kev Siv Tshuab
    Nickel 18.00–19.00 Tsim cov matrix nickel-martensitic tawv
    Cobalt 8.50–9.50 Ua kom cov lus teb laus sai dua thiab muaj zog dua
    Molybdenum 4.60–5.20 Ua kom cov intermetallic precipitates muaj zog
    Titanium 0.55–0.80 Ua rau lub zog thiab qhov tawv ntawm cov laus nce ntxiv
    Aluminium 0.05–0.15 Txhawb nqa cov dej nag los ua kom tawv
    Cov pa roj carbon 0.03 qhov siv siab tshaj plaws Khaws cia qis kom khaws cia qhov muaj zog thiab weldability
    Manganese 0.10 qhov siv siab tshaj plaws Cov khoom seem uas tswj tau
    Silicon 0.10 qhov siv siab tshaj plaws Txwv rau kev huv ntawm cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws
    Phosphorus 0.010 qhov siv siab tshaj plaws Txwv rau kev txhawb nqa lub zog
    Sulfur 0.010 qhov siv siab tshaj plaws Txwv kom txo qis kev suav nrog
    Hlau Qhov Nyiaj Tshuav Cov hlau matrix puag

    Cov tshuaj lom neeg tiag tiag yuav tsum tau lees paub los ntawm cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv thiab MTC.

    Cov Khoom Siv Kho Tshuab thiab Kev Kho Mob Kub

    Maraging 300 feem ntau yog muab rau hauv cov tshuaj-annealed mob uas tsim nyog rau kev siv tshuab thiab kev tsim khoom. Kev laus tom qab ntawd tsim kom muaj qib siab heev uas tsis muaj roj lossis dej quench uas feem ntau xav tau los ntawm cov hlau alloy hardened.

    Vaj tse Cov Lus Qhia Txog Ib Txwm Muaj Mob Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse
    Lub zog tensile Kwv yees li ntawm 2000–2100 MPa Laus lawm Muab cov chav kawm zog nominal 300 ksi
    Lub Zog Tawm Kwv yees li ntawm 1860 MPa qhov tsawg kawg nkaus siv Laus lawm Txhawb nqa cov khoom siv aerospace uas muaj kev ntxhov siab heev
    Kev ntev Kwv yees li ntawm 4–8% Laus lawm, nyob ntawm seb loj npaum li cas Khaws cov ductility pab tau ntawm lub zog siab heev
    Qhov nyuaj Kwv yees li ntawm 52–56 HRC Laus lawm Haum rau cov shafts thiab cov cuab yeej muaj zog heev
    Kev Nyuaj Siab Annealed Kwv yees li ntawm 30–35 HRC Cov tshuaj tau annealed Tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm ua ntej laus
    Qhov Ceev Kwv yees li ntawm 8.0 g/cm³ Kub hauv chav tsev Siv rau kev suav lej loj
    Modulus Elastic Kwv yees li ntawm 185–195 GPa Kub hauv chav tsev Txhawb kev suav qhov nyuaj
    Kev Kho Mob Tshuaj Kwv yees li ntawm 815–830 ° C Cua txias Npaj cov hlau rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev laus
    Kev Laus Ib Txwm Muaj Kwv yees li 480 ° C rau kwv yees li 3-6 teev Cua txias Tsim kom muaj zog nag los ntau nrog kev cuam tshuam tsawg
    Lus Cim Txog Kev Tsim Kho:Cov nqi saum toj no yog cov ntaub ntawv siv tau, tsis yog kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Cov nqi lees txais tiag tiag nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov kho AMS 6514 tam sim no, txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov khoom, kev taw qhia kev sim, txoj kev yaj thiab kev kho mob laus tshwj xeeb.

    Rooj Loj Sib Xws

    Txoj kab uas hla Ntev Nto Kev Ua Haujlwm Kev Siv Ib Txwm Muaj
    Ø10–25 hli 1000–4000 hli Peeled los yog av Precision txiav thiab sib tsoo Cov pins, fasteners thiab cov khoom siv actuator
    Ø30–60 hli 2000–6000 hli Tau tev tawm los yog tig Machining thiab centerless grinding Cov tsav shafts, iav thiab cov cuab yeej
    Ø65–120 hli 2000–6000 hli Rough tig mus Kev txiav thiab machining ntawm cov hlau Cov iav tsaws thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov qauv
    Ø125–200 hli Kev txiav ntev raws li koj xav tau Forged thiab roughed UT thiab machining thaum teev tseg Cov shafts hnyav thiab cov cuab yeej aerospace blanks
    Saum toj no Ø200 hli Ua raws li kev txiav txim Forged los yog machined Kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb rau qhov project Cov khoom tseem ceeb loj

    Kev Sib Piv Txog Cov Lus Qhia Sib Txawv

    Kev Sib Piv ntawm Qhov Nto thiab Kev Tsim Khoom ntawm Round Bar

    Mob Lub Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb Kev Siv Ib Txwm Muaj Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Yuav Khoom
    Cov Hlau Kub Dov Kev lag luam zeb nto nrog kev tso cai machining Kev ua haujlwm ntxhib dav dav Qhia qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm txoj kab uas hla tiav
    Forged Bar Haum rau cov ntu loj dua thiab cov ntu tseem ceeb Cov shafts hnyav thiab cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm Qhia meej txog cov kev cai ntawm UT thiab VIM+VAR
    Cov Khoom Siv Uas Tau Tev Lawm Qhov chaw tsis muaj nplai nrog kev tswj hwm txoj kab uas hla zoo dua CNC-machined shafts thiab fasteners Txo cov nyiaj pub rau kev ua haujlwm
    Rough-Turned Bar Ntxuav qhov chaw nrog kev tswj hwm qhov tso cai Cov khoom loj ntawm cov qauv Qhia qhov kawg ntawm txoj kab uas hla thiab kev siv tshuab
    Av Bar Kev kam rau siab thiab ua tiav du Precision shafts thiab cov cuab yeej siv Qhia kom meej txog h9, h8 lossis kev kos duab kam rau siab

    Kev Sib Piv Nrog Cov Qib Maraging Sib Xws

    Qib Lub Zog Tseem Ceeb Kev Txwv Txheeb Ze Kev Xaiv Ib Txwm Muaj
    Maraging 200 Zoo toughness ntawm qis zog Lub zog laus qis dua Cov khoom uas muaj kev ntxhov siab nruab nrab
    Maraging 250 Lub zog thiab kev tawv nqaij sib npaug Lub zog qis dua li C300 Cov iav tsaws, cov shafts thiab cov cuab yeej
    Maraging 300 Cov qoob loo laus dua thiab lub zog tensile siab dua Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj dua li C250 Cov khoom siv aerospace thiab rocket uas muaj kev ntxhov siab heev
    Maraging 350 Lub zog maraging siab tshaj plaws Tus nqi siab dua thiab txo qhov sib npaug ntawm kev tawv Cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb uas muaj zog tshaj plaws

    Cov Qauv Sib Npaug thiab Cov Npe Thoob Ntiaj Teb

    Lub kaw lus Lub Npe Kev Sib Raug Zoo
    Lub Npe Feem Ntau Maraging 300 / C300 / 18Ni300 Cov npe lag luam feem ntau
    UNS K93160 Kev sib piv ntawm UNS
    SAE Aerospace Txheem AMS 6514 Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv aerospace thiab forging-stock
    Tus lej khoom siv hauv Tebchaws Europe 1.6354 Cov lus sib txuas lus European
    Lub Npe European X2NiCoMo18-9-5 Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau
    Kev Siv Lag Luam Vascomax 300 hom / V300 hom Tsuas yog siv rau tsev neeg ua lag luam xwb
    Lwm Cov Npe Hauv Online 1.6358 Yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas; tsis pom zoo ua lub npe tseem ceeb
    Cov Lus Cim Qib Sib Npaug:Cov npe zoo sib xws tsis lav qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, txoj kev yaj, kev huv, cov khoom siv kho tshuab lossis cov kev cai tshuaj xyuas. Tus lej khoom siv European feem ntau rau Maraging 300 yog 1.6354. Txhua qhov kev thov uas teev tseg 1.6358 yuav tsum tau piav qhia ua ntej kev lees paub kev txiav txim.

    Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom

    1. Kev Npaj Alloy
    Cov hlau uas muaj carbon tsawg, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum thiab cov khoom ntxiv uas tswj tau raug npaj lawm.
    2. Lub Tshuab Nqus Tsev Induction Melting
    VIM txhawb nqa kev tshuaj lom neeg meej thiab cov pa roj tsawg.
    3. Kev Tshem Tawm Arc Nqus Tsev
    VAR txhim kho kev huv, kev ruaj khov thiab kev sib npaug ntawm cov qauv.
    4. Forging los yog dov
    Cov billets raug txo kom ua cov duab puag ncig lossis cov duab forging-stock.
    5. Kev daws teeb meem Annealing
    Cov qauv tau npaj rau kev siv tshuab thiab tom qab ntawd laus.
    6. Kev Ua Tiav Nto
    Cov tuav tuaj yeem tev tawm, tig ntxhib, tshem tawm cov nplai lossis av.
    7. Kev Tshuaj Xyuas
    Cov tshuaj lom neeg, qhov ntev, qhov chaw thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tau raug txheeb xyuas.
    8. Kev Cim thiab Kev Ntim Khoom
    Kev nrhiav tau tus lej cua sov tseem khaws cia los ntawm kev ntim khoom xa tawm.

    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Khoom

    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Txoj Kev Lub Hom Phiaj
    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Tshuaj Kev tshuaj xyuas spectrometric hauv chav kuaj Paub meej tias AMS 6514 chemistry
    PMI Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo Txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau; tsis yog ib qho kev hloov pauv rau kev ua kom muaj tshuaj lom neeg tag nrho
    Kev Ntsuas Tensile Kev ntsuas qhov ntev, tensile thiab elongation Txheeb xyuas cov khoom qub uas tau teev tseg
    Kev Ntsuas Qhov Nyuaj Kev kuaj Rockwell lossis sib npaug Paub meej tias annealed lossis laus lawm
    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Qhov Ntev Kev ntsuas micrometer, caliper thiab ntev Xyuas kom meej tias txoj kab uas hla, qhov ntev thiab qhov kam rau ua
    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Nto Kev kuaj pom thiab kev xeem tiav Txheeb xyuas cov voj voog, cov kab nrib pleb, cov nplai lossis kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tuav
    Kev Ntsuas Ultrasonic UT thaum teev tseg Soj ntsuam qhov kev ruaj ntseg sab hauv
    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Kev Taug Qab Tus lej cua sov thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv Txuas lub bar rau MTC thiab EN 10204 3.1
    Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Los Ntawm Sab Nraud SGS, BV, TÜV lossis tus neeg soj ntsuam uas tau raug xaiv los Muaj thaum teev tseg

    Khoom Ntim Khoom

    Kev Tiv Thaiv Nto
    Cov tuav tuaj yeem tiv thaiv nrog roj, ntawv VCI, zaj duab xis lossis cov ntaub qhwv dej.
    Kev Tiv Thaiv Pob Khoom
    Cov khoom sib cais thiab cov hlua khi ruaj ntseg txo qhov kev txav mus los thiab khawb.
    Kev Tiv Thaiv Kawg
    Cov tuav av lossis cov tshuab ua haujlwm tuaj yeem tau txais cov hau kawg lossis kev tiv thaiv padded.
    Rooj Ntoo lossis Pallet
    Cov thawv xa khoom, cov skids lossis pallets raug xaiv raws li qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav.
    Kev Cim Tau
    Qib, tus lej cua sov, qhov loj me thiab cov cim xa khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tseem khaws cia. 
    ntim khoom3
    ntim khoom1
    ntim khoom2

    Cov Ntawv Thov, Kev Ua Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb thiab Kev Tsim Khoom

    Cov Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb

    • Cov khoom siv hauv aerospace uas muaj kev ntxhov siab heev
    • Cov khoom siv tsaws dav hlau thiab cov khoom siv actuator
    • Cov khoom siv ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob hluav taws
    • Cov thawv foob pob hluav taws thiab cov khoom siv siab thaum tsim nyog
    • Cov shafts, gears thiab pins uas muaj load siab
    • Precision tuag, mandrels thiab extrusion tooling
    • Cov khoom siv fasteners muaj zog thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab
    • Cov khoom siv kis thiab lub zog ntawm lub cev muaj zog hauv kev ua si nawv

    Muaj Zog Heev

    Maraging 300 yog tsim los rau cov khoom uas xav tau qib zog siab dua li Maraging 250. Cov khoom siv laus kom raug tuaj yeem ua tiav lub zog tso zis ze lossis siab dua 1860 MPa thaum tseem khaws cov khoom siv tau zoo thiab weldability rau cov hlau hauv chav kawm muaj zog no.

    Kev siv tshuab tau

    Feem ntau, kev siv tshuab ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov hlau uas muaj zog heev thaum raug cua sov. Feem ntau, kev tig, kev sib tsoo, kev khawb thiab kev sib txuas ua haujlwm loj yuav ua tiav ua ntej kev laus kawg. Cov cuab yeej carbide, cov khoom siv khov kho, cov khoom noj khoom haus ruaj khov thiab cov dej txias txaus yog qhov pom zoo.

    Kev vuam tau

    Cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev ua rau muaj kev sib txuas zoo dua piv rau cov hlau uas tau quenched uas muaj zog heev. Kev tsim nyog ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam, kev xaiv cov khoom sau, kev huv ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab kev laus tom qab vuam yuav tsum tau tswj hwm raws li kev tsim cov khoom thiab tswj hwm cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm aerospace.

    Kev Kho Mob Kub

    Maraging 300 yog tsim los rau kev ua kom tawv thaum nag los. Feem ntau nws yog cov kua annealed thiab cua txias, machined ze rau qhov kawg qhov ntev thiab tom qab ntawd laus ze li ntawm 480 ° C. Lub voj voog laus tsim cov theem intermetallic muaj zog nrog kev hloov pauv me me.

    Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Xeb

    Maraging 300 tsis yog hlau tsis xeb thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob xaiv rau qhov tiv taus xeb. Cov roj tiv thaiv, plating, txheej, tswj kev khaws cia lossis lwm yam kev tiv thaiv nto yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov chaw noo noo, marine lossis cov chaw muaj tshuaj lom neeg.

    Kev Txwv ntawm Daim Ntawv Thov:Cov khoom siv rau kev ya dav hlau, foob pob hluav taws, kev tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj siab yuav tsum tau cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb uas tau pom zoo, kev kho cua sov uas tau tsim nyog, kev taug qab tag nrho, kev sim tsis ua puas tsuaj thiab kev pom zoo los ntawm kev tsim kho. Kev muab cov hlau nyoos ib leeg tsis yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov khoom tiav lawm.

    Vim li cas thiaj xaiv SAKY STEEL?

    Kev Cai Loj ntawm Cov Kab Sib Hloov
    Txoj kab uas hla, ntev, kev siv tshuab thiab qhov chaw mob tuaj yeem muab tau raws li cov duab kos.
    Kev taug qab tus lej cua sov
    Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv tuaj yeem khaws cia los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub Hoobkas mus txog rau qhov kawg ntim khoom.
    MTC thiab EN 10204 3.1
    MTC (Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Xeem Zeb / 质保书) thiab EN 10204 3.1 tuaj yeem muab tau raws li qhov kev txiav txim.
    Kev Txhawb Nqa Kev Tshuaj Xyuas
    PMI, hardness, tensile, dimensional thiab ultrasonic kev kuaj mob tuaj yeem npaj tau thaum teev tseg.
    Kev Pabcuam Tshuab
    Muaj kev txiav, tev tawv, tig ntxhib thiab sib tsoo raws li qhov loj me thiab kev kam rau siab.
    Kev Ntim Khoom Tawm Mus
    Cov pob khoom tiv thaiv, cov thawv ntoo, cov pallets thiab cov cim xa khoom raws li koj xav tau.

    Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau

    Maraging 300 hlau yog dab tsi?

    Maraging 300 yog ib hom hlau uas muaj zog heev, cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev uas muaj cobalt, molybdenum, titanium thiab txhuas. Nws tsim kom muaj zog los ntawm kev laus los ntawm cov dej nag es tsis yog cov khoom siv high-carbon martensitic hardening.

    Tus qauv twg siv rau Maraging 300 round bar?

    AMS 6514 yog tus qauv tseem ceeb rau kev tsav dav hlau uas feem ntau siv rau Maraging 300 tuav thiab forging stock. Kev kho dua tshiab, qhov loj ntawm cov khoom, txoj kev yaj, qhov xwm txheej thiab kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv yuav khoom.

    Puas yog Maraging 300 zoo ib yam li 1.6358?

    Tus lej khoom siv European feem ntau rau Maraging 300 yog 1.6354, nrog rau X2NiCoMo18-9-5. Qee cov npe lag luam siv 1.6358, tab sis qhov kev xaiv no yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ua ntej lees txais.

    Maraging 300 muaj peev xwm ua tau dab tsi?

    Maraging 300 uas laus raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua feem ntau ncav cuag li 300 ksi tensile-strength class thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yield-strength reference ze li ntawm 270 ksi. Cov khoom lav tiag tiag nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub bar, kev taw qhia, kev kho laus thiab AMS 6514 cov kev cai.

    Puas siv tau Maraging 300 ua ntej laus?

    Yog. Kev ua haujlwm loj feem ntau ua tiav hauv qhov xwm txheej uas tau ua kom sov, thaum cov khoom mos dua thiab yooj yim txiav. Kev sib tsoo zaum kawg lossis kev kho qhov ntev yuav ua tau tom qab laus thaum xav tau.

    Qhov txawv ntawm Maraging 250 thiab Maraging 300 yog dab tsi?

    Maraging 300 tsim cov zog thiab qhov nyuaj dua li Maraging 250. Maraging 250 feem ntau nyiam qhov twg qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj dua yog qhov tseem ceeb dua li qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws.

    Puas muaj kev kuaj ultrasonic?

    Thaum twg tau teev tseg, UT yuav muab tau rau cov hlau thiab cov hlau forged uas tsim nyog. Daim ntawv nug yuav tsum qhia txog txoj kev tshuaj xyuas, cov qauv lees txais thiab cov kev cai tshaj tawm.

    SAKY STEEL puas muab tau MTC?

    Yog. MTC, kev taug qab tus lej kub thiab EN 10204 3.1 cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muab tau raws li daim ntawv xaj yuav khoom. Cov ntawv qhia ntxiv txog qhov nyuaj, qhov tensile, qhov ntev, PMI lossis UT kuj tseem tuaj yeem npaj tau.


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