17-4PH 630 Bakin Karfe Sanduna
Takaitaccen Bayani:
SAKYSTEEL yana samar da sandunan ƙarfe 17-4PH (630) masu ƙarfi da juriya ga tsatsa don amfani da sararin samaniya, ruwa, da masana'antu
Saky Steel's 17-4PH / 630 / 1.4542 yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ƙarfen ƙarfe mai ƙarfe chromium-nickel da aka fi amfani da shi tare da ƙarin jan ƙarfe, ruwan sama mai tauri tare da tsarin martensitic. Yana da juriya mai ƙarfi yayin da yake riƙe da manyan halaye masu ƙarfi, gami da tauri. Karfe na iya aiki a cikin kewayon zafin jiki daga -29 ℃ zuwa 343 ℃, yayin da yake riƙe da sigogi masu kyau. Bugu da ƙari, kayan da ke cikin wannan matakin suna da alaƙa da kyakkyawan juriya kuma juriyarsu ta lalata tana kama da 1.4301 / X5CrNi18-10.
17-4PH, wanda kuma aka sani da UNS S17400, ƙarfe ne mai taurarewa daga ruwan sama mai kama da martensitic. Abu ne mai amfani da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antu daban-daban, kamar su sararin samaniya, nukiliya, sinadarai na petrochemical, da sarrafa abinci.
17-4PH yana da ƙarfi mai yawa, juriya ga tsatsa, da kuma tauri mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙarfen bakin ƙarfe. Cakuda ce ta chromium 17%, nickel 4%, jan ƙarfe 4%, da ƙaramin adadin molybdenum da niobium. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwan yana ba wa ƙarfen kaddarorinsa na musamman.
Gabaɗaya, 17-4PH abu ne mai matuƙar amfani kuma mai amfani wanda ke ba da daidaito mai kyau na kadarori don aikace-aikace iri-iri.
| Nunin Kayayyakin Zagaye na Bakin Karfe Mai Haske: |
| Bayani dalla-dalla na 630sandar bakin karfe: |
Bayani dalla-dalla:ASTM A564 / ASME SA564
Maki:AISI 630 SUS630 17-4PH 1.4542 PH
Tsawon:5.8M,6M & Tsawon da ake buƙata
Diamita na Sandunan Zagaye:4.00 mm zuwa 400 mm
Mashaya Mai Haske :4mm-100mm,
Haƙuri:H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, K9, K10, K11, K12 ko kuma bisa ga buƙatun abokan ciniki
Yanayi:An Zana a Sanyi kuma an goge shi da Sanyi, an bare kuma an ƙirƙira shi
Ƙarshen Fuskar:Baƙi, Mai Haske, Mai gogewa, Juya Mai Tauri, Kammalawa ta 4, Matt Finish
Siffa:Zagaye, Muƙamuƙi, Hex (A/F), Muƙamuƙi Mai Kusurwoyi, Billet, Ingot, An ƙirƙira da sauransu.
Ƙarshe:Ƙarshen da aka Faɗi, Ƙarshen da aka Rage
| Sinadarin Sinadarin Bakin Karfe: |
| Naɗin UNS | Nau'i | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni | Al | Mo | Ti | Cu | Sauran Abubuwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S17400 | 630 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 15.00–17.50 | 3.00–5.00 | – | – | – | 3.00–5.00 | C |
| S17700 | 631 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 16.00–18.00 | 6.50–7.75 | – | – | – | – | – |
| S15700 | 632 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 14.00–16.00 | 6.50–7.75 | – | 2.00–3.00 | – | – | – |
| S35500 | 634 | 0.10–0.15 | 0.50–1.25 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.50 | 15.00–16.00 | 4.00–5.00 | – | 2.50–3.25 | – | – | D |
| S17600 | 635 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 16.00–17.50 | 6.00–7.50 | 0.40 | – | – | – | – |
| S15500 | XM-12 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 14.00–15.50 | 3.50–5.50 | – | – | – | 2.50–4.50 | C |
| S13800 | XM-13 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.040 | 0.008 | 1.00 | 12.25–13.25 | 7.50–8.50 | 0.90–1.35 | 2.00–2.50 | – | – | E |
| S45500 | XM-16 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.50 | 11.00–12.50 | 7.50–9.50 | – | 0.50 | 0.90–1.40 | 1.50–2.50 | F |
| S45503 | – | 0.010 | 0.50 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.50 | 11.00–12.50 | 7.50–9.50 | – | 0.50 | 1.00–1.35 | 1.50–2.50 | F |
| S45000 | XM-25 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.50 | 14.00–16.00 | 5.00–7.00 | – | – | – | 1.25–1.75 | G |
| S46500 | – | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.00–13.0 | 10.75–11.25 | 0.15–0.50 | 0.75–1.25 | – | – | E |
| S46910 | – | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.020 | 1.00 | 11.00–12.50 | 8.00–10.00 | 0.50–1.20 | 3.0–5.0 | – | 1.5–3.5 | – |
| S10120 | – | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 11.00–12.50 | 9.00–11.00 | 1.10 | 1.75–2.25 | 0.20–0.50 | – | E |
| S11100 | – | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.25 | 11.00–12.50 | 10.25–11.25 | 1.35–1.75 | 1.75–2.25 | 0.20–0.50 | – | E |
| Maki 17-4PH na Bakin Karfe Mai Daidaito: |
| MAS'ALA | UNS | WERKSTOFF NR. | AFNOR | JIS | EN | BS | GOST |
| 17-4PH | S17400 | 1.4542 |
| Maganin Maganin Sandunan Bakin Karfe 17-4PH: |
| Matsayi | Ƙarfin Tashin Hankali (MPa) min | Ƙarawa (% a cikin 50mm) minti | Ƙarfin Yawa: 0.2% Shaida (MPa) min | Tauri | |
| Rockwell C max | Brinell (HB) mafi girma | ||||
| 630 | - | - | - | 38 | 363 |
Sake alama: Yanayin A 1900±25°F[1040±15°C](sanyi kamar yadda ake buƙata zuwa ƙasa da 90°F(30°C))
Bukatun Gwajin Inji 1.4542 Bayan Maganin Zafi Mai Tauri:
Ƙarfin Taurin Kai:Naúrar - ksi (MPa), Mafi ƙaranci
Ƙarfin Yield:0.2 % Kayyade , Unit – ksi (MPa) , Mafi ƙarancin
Tsawaitawa:a cikin 2″, Nau'i: %, Mafi ƙaranci
Tauri:Rockwell, Mafi girma
17-4PH Bakin Karfe Injin Kayayyakin da aka yi da Zafi Yanayin Jiyya:
| H 900 | H 925 | H 1025 | H 1075 | H 1100 | H 1150 | H 1150-M | |
| Ƙarfin Tashin Hankali na Ƙarshe, ksi | 190 | 170 | 155 | 145 | 140 | 135 | 115 |
| Ƙarfin Yawa 0.2%, ksi | 170 | 155 | 145 | 125 | 115 | 105 | 75 |
| Ƙara girman % a cikin 2" ko 4XD | 10 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 16 |
| Rage Yanki, % | 40 | 54 | 56 | 58 | 58 | 60 | 68 |
| Taurin kai, Brinell (Rockwell) | 388 (C 40) | 375 (C 38) | 331 (C 35) | 311 (C 32) | 302 (C 31) | 277 (C 28) | 255 (C 24) |
| Impact Charpy V-Notch, ft - lbs | | 6.8 | 20 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 75 |
| Zaɓin Narkewa: |
1 EAF: Tanderu Mai Lantarki
2 EAF+LF+VD: Narkewa mai tsafta da kuma cire iskar gas daga injin
3 EAF+ESR: Gyaran Narkewar Electro Slag
4 EAF+PESR: yanayi mai kariya Electro Slag Remelting
5 VIM + PESR: Narkewar injin juyawa
| Zaɓin maganin zafi: |
1 +A: An rufe shi (cikakke/laushi/mai jure zafi)
2 + N: An daidaita shi
3 + NT: An daidaita kuma an daidaita shi
4 + QT: An kashe kuma an daidaita shi (ruwa/mai)
5 +AT: An rufe maganin
6 +P: Ruwan sama ya taurare
| Maganin Zafi: |
Maganin Magani (Yanayin A) — Ana dumama ƙarfen bakin ƙarfe na Grade 630 a zafin 1040°C na tsawon awanni 0.5, sannan a sanyaya shi zuwa 30°C. Ana iya kashe ƙananan sassan waɗannan nau'ikan mai.
Taurare — Karfe mai nauyin 630 na bakin ƙarfe suna taurarewa a ƙananan yanayin zafi don cimma halayen injiniya da ake buƙata. A lokacin aikin, launin saman yana canzawa sannan sai ya ragu a 0.10% ga yanayin H1150, da kuma 0.05% ga yanayin H900.
| Ma'auni don Bakin Karfe 17-4PH |
Karfe mai tsawon 17-4PH ya dace da nau'ikan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na duniya, yana tabbatar da inganci da aiki mai inganci a fannoni daban-daban kamar su sararin samaniya, makamashi, da sarrafa sinadarai.
| Ƙungiyar Daidaitacce | Ƙayyadewa | Bayani |
|---|---|---|
| ASTM | ASTM A564 / A564M | Daidaitacce don sandunan ƙarfe masu taurarewa da aka gama da zafi da sanyi da kuma siffofi masu taurare na tsufa |
| ASTM A693 | Takaitaccen Bayani don farantin bakin karfe, takarda, da tsiri mai taurarewa | |
| ASTM A705 / A705M | Bayani dalla-dalla don ƙera ƙarfe mai taurarewa da hana zafi da aka yi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi | |
| ASME | ASME SA564 / SA693 / SA705 | Takamaiman lambar jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba daidai |
| AMS (Jirgin Sama) | AMS 5643 | Takaddun sararin samaniya na mashaya, waya, kayan ƙira, da zobba a cikin maganin 17-4PH wanda aka yi wa magani da tsufa |
| AMS 5622 | Faranti, zanen gado, da tsiri | |
| EN / DIN | EN 1.4542 / DIN X5CrNiCuNb16-4 | Tsarin Turai na 17-4PH tare da irin wannan abun da ke ciki da kaddarorinsa |
| UNS | UNS S17400 | Tsarin Lissafi Mai Haɗaka |
| ISO | ISO 15156-3 | Cancantar amfani da kayan aikin filin mai a cikin yanayin iskar gas mai tsami |
| NACE | MR0175 | Bukatar kayan aiki don juriya ga fashewar damuwa ta sulfide |
| Abubuwan Gwaji a Wurin da Suka Shafi Sanduna: |
Domin tabbatar da inganci da aiki mafi girma, ana iya gwada duk kayayyakin mashayar SAKY STEEL ta hanyar cikakken bincike a wurin. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna tabbatar da sinadaran da ke cikin kayan, ingancin injina, da kuma daidaiton tsarin microstructural kai tsaye akan kayan kafin jigilar kaya ko bayan sarrafawa.
| A'a. | Kayan Gwaji | Bayani | Kayayyakin da suka dace / Kewaye | Bayani |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gwajin Taurin Kai a Cikin Gida | Yana auna taurin saman (HB/HRC/HV) don tabbatar da yanayin maganin zafi ko ƙirƙira | Duk nau'ikan sanduna - bakin ƙarfe, gami da nickel, titanium, aluminum | Gwaji na yau da kullun don sanduna |
| 2 | Gwajin Metallographic na Cikin Gida | Yana nazarin tsarin hatsi, rarrabawar carbide, da rabon mataki | Bakin karfe, gami da nickel, titanium | Gano zafi mai yawa ko kuma maganin zafi mara kyau |
| 3 | Gwajin Sinadaran da ke Cikin Gida (PMI) | Yana tabbatar da matakin kayan aiki da kuma sinadaran da ke cikinsa ta amfani da XRF ko OES | Duk sandunan ƙarfe | Yana hana haɗakar abu |
| 4 | Gwajin Damuwa da Ya Rage | Yana kimanta damuwa ta ciki bayan maganin zafi ko injin | Karfe, nickel, da sandunan titanium | Yana hana nakasa ko tsagewa |
| 5 | Gwajin Damuwa da Matsi | Yana ƙayyade halayen injiniya kamar ƙarfin samarwa da modulus | Sandunan gini ko masu ƙarfi | Tabbatar da injina na zaɓi |
| 6 | Gwajin Lambar Ferrite mara lalatawa | Yana auna ƙimar FN da ma'aunin ferrite-austenite | Sandunan bakin ƙarfe na Austenitic / Duplex | Ba ya aiki ga aluminum ko titanium |
| 7 | Gwajin Kauri na Rufi | Yana auna kauri na shafi ko kuma kauri na Layer mai anodized | Sandunan anodized, masu rufi, ko masu rufi | Don sandunan da aka yi wa fenti na musamman kawai |
| 8 | Gwajin Tsatsa Mai Kwaikwayo a Cikin Gida | Yana kimanta juriyar tsatsa ga NACE ko takamaiman takamaiman | Bakin karfe, sandunan ƙarfe na nickel | Ana amfani da shi a cikin ayyukan ruwa ko sinadarai |
| 9 | Gano Kurakuran Ultrasonic (UT) | Yana gano lahani na ciki da kuma abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin sandunan ƙarfi | Duk sandunan ƙarfe masu ƙarfi | Yana maye gurbin gwajin kauri na bango (na bututu kawai) |
| Binciken Sinadaran da Aka Haɗa |
A SAKY STEEL, muna tabbatar da cewa kowane rukuni na kayan ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar cikakken nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi sinadarai. Dakin gwaje-gwajenmu na zamani yana da kayan aiki na zamani, gami da na'urar auna iskar gas ta gani (OES), na'urar tantancewa ta kayan aiki mai kyau (PMI), na'urar aunawa ta jini ta jini ta inductively coupled (ICP), da kuma na'urar nazarin hasken rana ta X-Ray (XRF).
| Hanyar (Gajeriyar Bayani) | Cikakken Suna / Bayani na Turanci | Manufa ta Yau da Kullum |
|---|---|---|
| OES | Binciken Hawan Hasken Gaske na gani | Gwajin kayan haɗin ƙarfe mai sauri |
| PMI | Gano Kayan Aiki Mai Kyau | Tabbatar da ingancin kayan aiki a wurin |
| Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Amurka (ICP) | Spectrometric na Plasma Mai Haɗa Kai da Inductively | Daidaitaccen nazarin abubuwan da aka gano |
| XRF | Spectrometric na hasken X-radial | Binciken abubuwa da yawa don samfuran ƙarfe da ƙarfe |
| Binciken Carbon da Sulfur | Mai Nazari kan Carbon da Sulfur | Tabbatar da yawan C da S a cikin ƙarfe |
| Binciken Ba a Yi Ba | Na'urar Nazarin Nitrogen, Oxygen, da Hydrogen | Gano abubuwan iskar gas a cikin karafa |
| Daidaita Sinadarai | Hanyar Sinadaran Jike ta Gargajiya | Tabbatar da sinadarai na yau da kullun |
| Na'urar auna hotuna (Spectrophotometer) | Binciken Spectrophotometric na UV-Vibable | Gwajin launi na abubuwan da aka gano |
| FAAS | Siffar Shaƙar Ƙwayar Wutar Atom | Ma'aunin abubuwan da aka ƙididdige |
| GC | Tsarin Gas Chromatography | Rabawa da nazarin iskar gas ko mahaɗan da ke canzawa |
| IC | Tsarin Chromatography na Ion | Binciken anions da cations a cikin mafita |
| GD-MS | Hasken Fitar da Matsakaici Mai Haske | Zurfin bayanin martaba da nazarin saman |
| Mai Nazarin TOC | Jimlar Nazarin Carbon na Halitta | Gwajin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta |
| Na'urar auna IR | Tsarin Na'urar Infrared | Tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gano mahaɗi |
| Gwajin Aikin Inji: |
A SAKY STEEL, muna gudanar da gwaje-gwajen aikin injiniya iri-iri don tabbatar da ƙarfi, tauri, da dorewar kowane samfurin bakin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe da muke bayarwa. Muna yin gwaje-gwaje masu zurfi kamar ƙarfin tauri, ƙarfin samarwa, tsayi, tauri (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Leeb), lanƙwasawa, tauri, gajiya, da tauri na karyewa (KIC da CTOD). Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna auna halayen injiniya na kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin kaya da mahalli daban-daban, suna tabbatar da cikakken bin ƙa'idodin ASTM, EN, GB, da ISO.
| Kayan Gwaji | Cikakken Suna / Bayani |
|---|---|
| Gwajin taurin Brinell / Rockwell / Vickers | Ma'aunin tauri ga nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban |
| Gwajin taurin Knoop / Leeb / Webster | Gwajin taurin kai da ƙananan abubuwa masu ɗaukuwa |
| Gwajin taurin bakin teku / Mohs / fensir | Kimanta taurin saman |
| Gwajin shigar Nano | Binciken kadarorin injina na micro/nano |
| Gwajin daki / gwajin matsin lamba mai zafi | Gwajin ƙarfin tensile a yanayin zafi ko yanayi mai zafi |
| Gwajin rabon roba / Poisson | Halayen nakasa mai laushi |
| Gwajin ma'aunin taurarewar nau'in tensile (n) | Halayyar taurare-ƙarfe na kayan aiki |
| Gwajin rabon nau'in roba (r) | Kayayyakin nakasa na roba |
| Gwajin lanƙwasa | Gwajin juyi da tsari |
| Gwajin lanƙwasawa na baya | Kimanta gajiya da sassauci |
| Gwajin walƙiya / walƙiya / daidaita | Kimanta aikin samar da bututu da bututu |
| Gwajin tasirin zafi na ƙasa / ɗaki | Gwajin taurin tasiri a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban |
| Kimanta raunin zafin jiki | Kimantawa game da yanayin zafi |
| Gwajin taurin karyewa (gwajin KIC) | Juriyar Crack a ƙarƙashin damuwa |
| Gwajin yankewa | Ma'aunin ƙarfin yankewa |
| Gwajin gajiya | Dorewa a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar nauyin cyclic |
| Gwajin gwaji mai zurfi na juriya | Juriyar nakasawa na dogon lokaci |
| Gwajin Buɗewar Tushen Fashewa (CTOD) | Tsarin karaya da nazarin yaɗuwar tsagewa |
| Gwajin injiniya mara daidaito | Gwaji na musamman bisa ga buƙatun abokin ciniki |
| SGS Certified 17-4PH Bakin Karfe Bar - Ƙarfin da aka Tabbatar |
NamuSandunan zagaye na bakin karfe 17-4PHana gwada su kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyarSGS, tabbatar da cikakken bin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da buƙatun matakin aiki.
✔ Duba kai tsaye ta SGS
✔ Cikakken ganowa tare da Zafi No.
✔ An tabbatar da ingancin injina da sinadarai
✔ Ya dace da aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci (Man fetur da iskar gas, sararin samaniya, injiniyanci)
| Me Yasa Zabi Mu: |
1. Za ka iya samun kayan da suka dace daidai da buƙatarka a mafi ƙarancin farashi.
2. Muna kuma bayar da Reworks, FOB, CFR, CIF, da kuma farashin jigilar kaya daga gida zuwa gida. Muna ba da shawarar ku yi ciniki don jigilar kaya wanda zai yi arha sosai.
3. Kayan da muke bayarwa ana iya tantance su gaba ɗaya, tun daga takardar shaidar gwajin kayan aiki zuwa bayanin girma na ƙarshe. (Rahotanni za su nuna idan an buƙata)
4. garantin bayar da amsa cikin awanni 24 (yawanci a cikin awa ɗaya)
5. Za ka iya samun madadin hannun jari, isar da kayayyaki a injina tare da rage lokacin ƙera su.
6. Mun sadaukar da kanmu ga abokan cinikinmu. Idan ba zai yiwu mu cika buƙatunku ba bayan mun duba dukkan zaɓuɓɓuka, ba za mu ɓatar da ku ta hanyar yin alkawuran ƙarya waɗanda za su haifar da kyakkyawar alaƙar abokan ciniki ba.
| Marufi |
1. Shirya kaya yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yanayin jigilar kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje inda jigilar kaya ke ratsawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don isa inda za a kai, don haka muna ba da kulawa ta musamman game da shirya kaya.
2. Saky Steel's suna tattara kayanmu ta hanyoyi da dama bisa ga kayayyakin. Muna tattara kayayyakinmu ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar,
Ana samar da 17-4PH, 630 da X5CrNiCuNb16-4 / 1.4542 a cikin nau'ikan sandunan zagaye, zanen gado, sandunan lebur da kuma tsiri mai sanyi. Ana amfani da kayan sosai a fannin sararin samaniya, na ruwa, takarda, makamashi, na teku da kuma masana'antar abinci don kayan injinan da ke da nauyi, bushings, ruwan turbine, haɗin gwiwa, sukurori, shafts na tuƙi, goro, da na'urorin aunawa.
1. Masana'antar Jiragen Sama
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Abubuwan injin injin turbine (impers, shafts, housings)
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Sassan kayan saukowa
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Maƙallan (ƙusoshi, goro) da masu haɗin ginin
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Kayan aikin tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa
2. Masana'antar Mai da Iskar Gas
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Kayan aikin ramin ƙasa (sandunan haƙa rami, kujerun bawul, kayan haɗin bututu)
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Sassan bawul masu jure lalata
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Kayan aikin filin mai (shafts na famfo, gidaje, zoben rufewa)
3. Masana'antar Sarrafa Sinadarai
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Famfo da bawuloli da ake amfani da su a muhallin acidic
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Masu musayar zafi da tasoshin matsin lamba
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Masu haɗa sinadarai da shafts masu tayar da hankali
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Kayan aiki don tankunan ajiya
4. Sarrafa Abinci da Kayan Aikin Likitanci
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Kayan abinci da kayan aikin tuƙi
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Sinadaran da ake amfani da su wajen yin sterilizers masu matsin lamba
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Kayan aikin tiyata da kayan aikin likita (ana buƙatar takardar shaida)
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Sassan tsarin kula da matsin lamba na likita
5. Injiniyan Ruwa da na Ƙasashen Waje
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Shafts na propeller da haɗin gwiwar propels
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Shafts na famfon ruwan teku da kayan rufewa
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Maƙallan kaya da haɗin gine-gine a cikin ƙwanƙolin jiragen ruwa
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Abubuwan da ke jure lalata ga dandamali na ƙasashen waje
6. Samar da Makamashin Nukiliya da Wutar Lantarki
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Maƙallan don tsarin reactor na nukiliya
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Tallafin bututu don musayar zafi
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Sandunan bawul na hydraulic da jikin famfo
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Sassan bawul mai zafi mai yawa
7. Masana'antar Mold da Kayan Aiki
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Firam ɗin mold na allura
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Shafts masu ƙarfi da tallafi
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Shafukan jagora da bushings don yin simintin stamping
8. Injinan Janar & Aiki da Kai
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Abubuwan watsawa kamar shafts na gear, haɗin gwiwa, da spindles
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Layin injina da sandunan sanyawa a cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa
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Sandunan piston na masana'antu














