17-4PH 630 Pā kila kila

Kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia no ka pā kila kila 17-4PH 630

Wehewehe Pōkole:

Hoʻolako ʻo SAKYSTEEL i nā pā kila kila 17-4PH (630) me ka ikaika maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mokulele, moana, a me nā ʻoihana.

Kūlana::ASTM A564 /ASME SA564

Papa::ʻAISI 630 SUS630 17-4PH

ʻIli::ʻO ka wili ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi

Anawaena::4.00 mm a i 400 mm

E leka uila mai iā mākou Hoʻoiho ma ke ʻano he PDF

Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā Lepili Huahana

ʻO Saky Steel's 17-4PH / 630 / 1.4542 kekahi o nā kila kila chromium-nickel kaulana loa a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia me ka mea hoʻohui keleawe, hoʻopaʻakikī ʻia ka wai me ka ʻano martensitic. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka palaho me ka mālama ʻana i nā waiwai ikaika kiʻekiʻe, me ka paʻakikī. Hiki i ke kila ke hana ma ka pae mahana mai -29 ℃ a i 343 ℃, me ka mālama ʻana i nā palena maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea o kēia papa e ka ductility maikaʻi a ua like ko lākou kūpaʻa i ka palaho me 1.4301 / X5CrNi18-10.

ʻO 17-4PH, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo UNS S17400, he kila kila paʻakikī martensitic. He mea hana maʻalahi ia a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka aerospace, nukelea, petrochemical, a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai.

Loaʻa i ka 17-4PH ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala, a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kila kila ʻē aʻe. He hui ia o 17% chromium, 4% nickel, 4% keleawe, a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka molybdenum a me ka niobium. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau mea e hāʻawi i ke kila i kona mau waiwai kūikawā.

Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, he mea maʻalahi loa ka 17-4PH a he mea pono hoʻi e hāʻawi ana i kahi kaulike maikaʻi o nā waiwai no nā ʻano hana like ʻole.

Hōʻikeʻike Huahana Pōʻai kila kila kila:

Nā kikoʻī o 630pā kila kila:

Nā kikoʻī:ASTM A564 /ASME SA564

Papa:AISI 630 SUS630 17-4PH 1.4542 PH

Lōʻihi:5.8M, 6M & Ka lōʻihi i koi ʻia

Anawaena o ka ʻaukā poepoe:4.00 mm a i 400 mm

Pā ʻĀlohilohi :4mm - 100mm,

Hoʻomanawanui:H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, K9, K10, K11, K12 a i ʻole e like me nā koi o nā mea kūʻai aku

Kūlana:Anu i huki ʻia a hoʻowali ʻia Anu i huki ʻia, ʻili ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia

Hoʻopau ʻili:ʻEleʻele, ʻĀlohilohi, Polished, Huli ʻia me ka ʻino, NO.4 Finish, Matt Finish

Palapala:Poepoe, huinahā, hexagon (A/F), huinahā like, bila, ʻiʻo, hana ʻia a pēlā aku.

Pau:Wāhi Maʻemaʻe, Wāhi Beveled

Nā Papa Kemika o nā Papa Kila Kila:

Ka Hoʻohanohano ʻana o UNS	ʻAno	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Al	Mo	Ti	Cu	Nā Mea ʻē aʻe
S17400	630	0.07	1.00	0.040	0.030	1.00	15.00–17.50	3.00–5.00	–	–	–	3.00–5.00	C
S17700	631	0.09	1.00	0.040	0.030	1.00	16.00–18.00	6.50–7.75	–	–	–	–	–
S15700	632	0.09	1.00	0.040	0.030	1.00	14.00–16.00	6.50–7.75	–	2.00–3.00	–	–	–
S35500	634	0.10–0.15	0.50–1.25	0.040	0.030	0.50	15.00–16.00	4.00–5.00	–	2.50–3.25	–	–	D
S17600	635	0.08	1.00	0.040	0.030	1.00	16.00–17.50	6.00–7.50	0.40	–	–	–	–
S15500	XM-12	0.07	1.00	0.040	0.030	1.00	14.00–15.50	3.50–5.50	–	–	–	2.50–4.50	C
S13800	XM-13	0.05	0.20	0.040	0.008	1.00	12.25–13.25	7.50–8.50	0.90–1.35	2.00–2.50	–	–	E
S45500	XM-16	0.03	0.50	0.015	0.015	0.50	11.00–12.50	7.50–9.50	–	0.50	0.90–1.40	1.50–2.50	F
S45503	–	0.010	0.50	0.010	0.010	0.50	11.00–12.50	7.50–9.50	–	0.50	1.00–1.35	1.50–2.50	F
S45000	XM-25	0.05	1.00	0.030	0.030	0.50	14.00–16.00	5.00–7.00	–	–	–	1.25–1.75	G
S46500	–	0.02	0.25	0.040	0.030	1.00	11.00–13.0	10.75–11.25	0.15–0.50	0.75–1.25	–	–	E
S46910	–	0.030	1.00	0.040	0.020	1.00	11.00–12.50	8.00–10.00	0.50–1.20	3.0–5.0	–	1.5–3.5	–
S10120	–	0.02	1.00	0.040	0.015	0.25	11.00–12.50	9.00–11.00	1.10	1.75–2.25	0.20–0.50	–	E
S11100	–	0.02	0.25	0.040	0.010	0.25	11.00–12.50	10.25–11.25	1.35–1.75	1.75–2.25	0.20–0.50	–	E

Nā Papa Kūlike o ka Pā Kila Kila 17-4PH:

KŪMAU	UNS	WERKSTOFF NUMERO.	ʻAFNOR	JIS	EN	BS	GOST
17-4PH	S17400	1.4542

Lapaʻau Hana Hana ʻAila 17-4PH:

Papa	Ikaika Tensile (MPa) min	Elongation (% i loko o 50mm) min	Ikaika Hua 0.2% Hōʻoia (MPa) min	Paʻakikī
				ʻO Rockwell C max	ʻO Brinell (HB) max
630	-	-	-	38	363

Hōʻike Hou: Kūlana A 1900±25°F[1040±15°C](e hoʻomaʻalili e like me ka mea e pono ai a ma lalo o 90°F(30°C))

1.4542 Nā Koi Hoʻāʻo Mekanika Ma hope o ka Hoʻopaʻakikī ʻana o ka Makahiki i ka Heat Treatment:

Ikaika Hoʻopaʻa:ʻĀpana - ksi (MPa), Ka palena iki
Ikaika Hāʻawi:0.2 % Offset , Unite – ksi (MPa) , Ka liʻiliʻi loa
Hoʻolōʻihi:ma 2″, ʻĀpana: %, Ka palena iki
Paʻakikī:Rockwell, Maximum

Nā Waiwai Mechanical 17-4PH Stainless Steel ma ke ʻano o ka mālama wela:

	H 900	H 925	H 1025	H 1075	H 1100	H 1150	H 1150-M
Ka ikaika tensile hope loa, ksi	190	170	155	145	140	135	115
0.2% Ka ikaika o ka hua, ksi	170	155	145	125	115	105	75
Elongation % ma 2″ a i ʻole 4XD	10	10	12	13	14	16	16
Ka Hoʻemi ʻana o ka ʻĀpana, %	40	54	56	58	58	60	68
Paʻakikī, Brinell (Rockwell)	388 (C 40)	375 (C 38)	331 (C 35)	311 (C 32)	302 (C 31)	277 (C 28)	255 (C 24)
Hoʻopilikia Charpy V-Notch, ft – lbs		6.8	20	27	34	41	75

Koho Hoʻoheheʻe:

1 EAF: Ka umu ahi ʻāʻī uila
2 EAF+LF+VD: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea vacuum
3 EAF+ESR: Hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻana i ka Electro Slag
4 EAF+PESR: lewa pale Electro Slag Remelting
5 VIM+PESR: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hoʻokomo vacuum

Koho mālama wela:

1 +A: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (piha/palupalu/spheroidizing)
2 +N: Hoʻonohonoho maʻamau ʻia
3 +NT: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia
4 +QT: Hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻomaʻū ʻia (wai/ʻaila)
5 +AT: Hoʻomehana ʻia ka hopena
6 +P: Ua paʻakikī ka ua

Ka Lapaʻau Wela:

Ka mālama ʻana i ka hopena (Kūlana A) — Hoʻomehana ʻia nā kila kila papa 630 ma 1040°C no 0.5 hola, a laila hoʻomaʻalili ʻia i ka ea a hiki i 30°C. Hiki ke kinai ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kēia mau papa i ka ʻaila.

Hoʻopaʻakikī — Hoʻopaʻakikī ʻia nā kila kila papa 630 i nā mahana haʻahaʻa e hoʻokō ai i nā waiwai mechanical e pono ai. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, hana ʻia ka discoloration superficial a ukali ʻia e ka shrinkage ma 0.10% no ke kūlana H1150, a me 0.05% no ke kūlana H900.

Nā Kūlana no ke Kila Kila 17-4PH

Kūlike ke kila kila 17-4PH me nā ʻano kūlana honua a me nā kikoʻī like ʻole, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana hilinaʻi ma nā ʻoihana e like me ka aerospace, ka ikehu, a me ka hana kemika.

Hoʻonohonoho Maʻamau	Nā kikoʻī	Wehewehena
ASTM	ASTM A564 / A564M	Kūlana maʻamau no nā kaola kila kila paʻakikī a me nā ʻano i ʻōwili wela ʻia a hoʻopau anu ʻia
	ASTM A693	Nā kikoʻī no ka papa kila kila paʻakikī-wai, pepa, a me ke kaha
	ʻAha Hoʻolaha ʻo ASTM A705 / A705M	Nā kikoʻī no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila kila paʻakikī a me ke kila pale wela
ASME	ASME SA564 / SA693 / SA705	Nā kikoʻī code kīʻaha kaomi like
AMS (Leaspace)	AMS 5643	ʻO ke kikoʻī aerospace no ka ʻaukā, ka uea, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā apo i loko o ka hopena 17-4PH i mālama ʻia a hoʻomanaʻo ʻia
	AMS 5622	Pā, pepa, a me ka ʻāpana
EN / DIN	EN 1.4542 / DIN X5CrNiCuNb16-4	Ka hoʻohanohano ʻEulopa no 17-4PH me ke ʻano like a me nā waiwai
UNS	UNS S17400	Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana helu hoʻokahi
ISO	ISO 15156-3	Ka mākaukau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako hana kahua aila ma nā wahi kinoea ʻawaʻawa
NACE	MR0175	Pono nā mea no ke kū'ē'ē'ana i ka haki'ana o ka sulfide stress

Nā Mea Hoʻāʻo ma ka Pūnaewele e Pili ana no nā Pā:

I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nā huahana pā SAKY STEEL āpau ma o kahi ākea o nā nānā ʻana ma kahi. Hōʻoia kēia mau hoʻāʻo i ka haku mele kemika, ka pono mechanical, a me ke kūpaʻa microstructural ma nā mea ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana a ma hope paha o ka hana ʻana.

ʻAʻole.	Mea Hoʻāʻo	Wehewehena	Nā Mea Hana / Paepae Pili	Hoʻomaopopo
1	Hoʻāʻo Paʻakikī ma kahi	Ana i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili (HB/HRC/HV) e hōʻoia i ke kūlana o ka mālama wela a i ʻole ka forging	ʻO nā ʻano pā āpau - kila kila, nā mea hui nickel, titanium, alumini	Hoʻāʻo maʻamau no nā kaola
2	Hoʻāʻo Metallographic In-situ	Nānā i ke ʻano o ka palaoa, ka hoʻolaha carbide, a me ka lakio pae	Ke kila kila, hui nikala, titanium	ʻIke i ka wela nui a i ʻole ka mālama wela kūpono ʻole
3	Hoʻāʻo Hoʻohui Kemika In-situ (PMI)	Hōʻoia i ka papa mea a me ka haku mele kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā XRF a i ʻole OES	Nā kaola hao a pau	Pale i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea
4	Hoʻāʻo Koena Koena	Loiloi i ke kaumaha kūloko ma hope o ka mālama wela a i ʻole ka mīkini ʻana	Ke kila, nikala, nā kaola titanium	Kāohi i ka deformation a i ʻole ka haki ʻana
5	Hoʻāʻo Koʻikoʻi a me ke Kaumaha	Hoʻoholo i nā waiwai mechanical e like me ka ikaika yield a me ka modulus	Nā kaola kūkulu a ikaika paha	Hōʻoia mīkini koho
6	Hoʻāʻo luku ʻole o ka helu Ferrite	Ana i ka waiwai FN a me ke kaulike ferrite-austenite	Nā kaola kila kila Austenitic / Duplex	ʻAʻole pili no ka alumini a i ʻole ka titanium
7	Hoʻāʻo Mānoanoa o nā Uhi	Ana i ka mānoanoa o ka uhi ʻana a i ʻole ka papa anodized	Nā kaola i uhi ʻia, i uhi ʻia, a i ʻole anodized	No nā kaola i mālama ʻia i ka ʻili kūikawā wale nō
8	Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaho i hoʻohālike ʻia ma kahi	Loiloi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala e like me NACE a i ʻole nā kikoʻī maʻamau	Kila kila, nā kaola nikala	Hoʻohana ʻia i nā papahana moana a i ʻole nā kemika
9	Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Kikoʻī Ultrasonic (UT)	ʻIke i nā hemahema kūloko a me nā hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o nā kaola paʻa	Nā kaola paʻa metala a pau	Hoʻololi i ka hoʻāʻo mānoanoa o ka paia (no nā paipu wale nō)

Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Hoʻohui Kemika

Ma SAKY STEEL, hōʻoia mākou e hoʻokō kēlā me kēia pūʻulu o nā mea i nā kūlana honua ma o ka loiloi hoʻohuihui kemika piha. Ua lako kā mākou keʻena hoʻokolohua holomua me nā mea hana hou loa, me ka Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES), ka mea hana Positive Material Identification (PMI), Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP), a me ka mea kālailai X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).

ʻAno Hana (Pōkole)	Inoa piha / Wehewehe ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania	Pahuhopu Maʻamau
OES	Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Spectrometric Hoʻokuʻu Optical	Hoʻāʻo wikiwiki ʻana i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o ka alloy
PMI	Ka ʻIke Mea Maikaʻi	Ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka pae mea ma kahi
ICP	ʻO ka Spectrometric Plasma i hoʻopili ʻia me ka Inductive	Ka nānā pono ʻana i nā mea trace
XRF	ʻO ka X-Radial Fluorescence Spectrometric	Ka loiloi multi-element no nā laʻana metala a me nā alloy
Kālailai Kalapona a me Sulfur	Mea kālailai kalapona a me ka sulfur	Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka nui o C a me S i loko o nā kila
Ka Nānā ʻana o N/O/H	Mea kālailai naikokene, ʻokikene, a me ka hydrogen	Ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kinoea i loko o nā metala
Titration Kemika	Ke ʻAno Kemika Pulu Kuʻuna	Hōʻoia kemika maʻamau
Ka mīkini hoʻohālikelike	Ka Nānā ʻIke UV-ʻIke ʻia	Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke kala o nā mea trace
FAAS	ʻO ka Spectroscopy Absorption Atomika lapalapa	Ana ʻana o nā mea helu
GC	Chromatography Kinoea	Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kinoea a i ʻole nā pūhui volatile
IC	ʻO ke Chromatography Ion	Ka nānā ʻana o nā anions a me nā cations i loko o nā hopena
GD-MS	ʻO ka Spectrometry Mass Discharge Glow	Ka hoʻopili hohonu a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili
Mea kālailai TOC	Mea kālailai kalapona organik holoʻokoʻa	Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike organik
Ka mīkini ʻike IR	ʻIkepili infrared	ʻO ke ʻano molekala a me ka ʻike hui

Hoʻāʻo Hana Mīkini:

Ma SAKY STEEL, hana mākou i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua hana mechanical piha e hōʻoia i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa o kēlā me kēia huahana kila kila, kila alloy, a me ka nickel alloy a mākou e hāʻawi aku ai. Hana mākou i nā hoʻokolohua piha e like me ka ikaika tensile, ka ikaika yield, elongation, hardness (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Leeb), bending, impact toughness, luhi, a me ka fracture toughness (KIC a me CTOD). Ana pololei kēia mau hoʻokolohua i ke ʻano mechanical o nā mea ma lalo o nā ukana a me nā wahi like ʻole, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻokō piha ʻana me nā kūlana ASTM, EN, GB, a me ISO.

Mea Hoʻāʻo	Inoa Piha / Wehewehena
Hoʻāʻo paʻakikī ʻo Brinell / Rockwell / Vickers	Ana paʻakikī no nā ʻano metala like ʻole
Hoʻāʻo paʻakikī Knoop / Leeb / Webster	Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakikī lawe lima a me ka paʻakikī micro
Hoʻāʻo paʻakikī kahakai / Mohs / penikala	Ka loiloi paʻakikī o ka ʻili
Hoʻāʻo indentation nano	Ka loiloi waiwai mīkini micro/nano
Hoʻāʻo tensile lumi / kiʻekiʻe wela	Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ikaika tensile ma nā mahana ambient a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe
Hoʻāʻo modulus elastic / ka lakio Poisson	Nā ʻano hoʻololi elastic
Hoʻāʻo exponent paʻakikī tensile (n)	Ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka mea
Hoʻāʻo lakio kaumaha palakiko (r)	ʻO ka waiwai hoʻololi plastik
Hoʻāʻo kūlou	Hoʻāʻo Ductility a me ke ʻano hana
Hoʻāʻo kūlou hoʻohuli	Ka loiloi luhi a me ka maʻalahi
Hoʻāʻo flaring / flanging / flattening	Loiloi hana hana paipu a me ka paipu
Hoʻāʻo hopena haʻahaʻa / mahana lumi	Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka hopena ma lalo o nā kūlana like ʻole
Ka loiloi ʻana o ka brittleness	Ka loiloi ʻana o ka embrittlement o ke ʻano
Hoʻāʻo paʻakikī haki (hoʻāʻo KIC)	Ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka māwae ma lalo o ke kaumaha
Hoʻāʻo ʻokiʻoki	Ana ʻana o ka ikaika shear
Hoʻāʻo luhi	Ka paʻa ma lalo o ka hoʻouka cyclic
Hoʻāʻo kolo hoʻomanawanui	Ke kūpaʻa deformation lōʻihi
Hoʻāʻo Hoʻoneʻe Wehe ʻana o ka Tip Crack (CTOD)	ʻO ka mīkini haki a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka haki
Hoʻāʻo mīkini maʻamau ʻole	Hoʻāʻo pilikino e pili ana i nā koi o ka mea kūʻai aku

ʻO ka pā kila kila 17-4PH i hōʻoia ʻia e SGS - Ikaika i hōʻoia ʻia

ʻO kā mākouNā kaola poepoe kila kila 17-4PHua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia eSGS, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻokō piha ʻana me nā kūlana honua a me nā koi pae papahana.

✔ Nānā kūʻokoʻa e SGS
✔ Loaʻa piha me ka Heat No.
✔ Nā waiwai mechanical a me nā kemika i hōʻoia ʻia
✔ Kūpono no nā noi koʻikoʻi (ʻAila a me ke Kinoea, Aerospace, ʻenekinia)

No ke aha e koho ai iā mākou:

1. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka mea kūpono e like me kāu koi ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa.
2. Hāʻawi pū mākou i nā kumukūʻai hoʻouna Reworks, FOB, CFR, CIF, a me ka puka a puka. Manaʻo mākou e hana ʻoe i kahi ʻaelike no ka hoʻouna ʻana i mea hoʻokele waiwai loa.
3. Hiki ke hōʻoia piha ʻia nā mea a mākou e hāʻawi nei, mai ka palapala hōʻoia hoʻāʻo mea maka a hiki i ka ʻōlelo hope loa o ka dimensional. (E hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ma ke koi)
4. e hōʻoia e hāʻawi i kahi pane i loko o 24 mau hola (maʻamau i ka hola hoʻokahi)
5. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā koho ʻē aʻe o ka waihona, nā hoʻouna ʻana i ka wili me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka manawa hana.
6. Ua hoʻolaʻa piha ʻia mākou i kā mākou mea kūʻai aku. Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i kāu mau koi ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā koho āpau, ʻaʻole mākou e alakaʻi hewa iā ʻoe ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki wahaheʻe e hoʻokumu ai i nā pilina maikaʻi me nā mea kūʻai aku.

Ka hoʻopili ʻana

1. He mea nui loa ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā ukana o ka honua kahi e hele ai nā ukana ma nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ai i kahi i manaʻo nui ʻia, no laila ke kau nei mākou i ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana.
2. Hoʻopili ʻo Saky Steel i kā mākou waiwai ma nā ʻano he nui e pili ana i nā huahana. Hoʻopili mākou i kā mākou huahana ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me,

Nā noi:

Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo 17-4PH, 630 a me X5CrNiCuNb16-4 / 1.4542 ma ke ʻano o nā kaola poepoe, nā pepa, nā kaola pālahalaha a me ke kaula ʻōwili anu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mea ma nā ʻoihana aerospace, moana, pepa, ikehu, kahakai a me nā ʻoihana meaʻai no nā ʻāpana mīkini hana kaumaha, nā bushings, nā pahi turbine, nā couplings, nā wili, nā ʻau hoʻokele, nā nati, nā mea ana.

1. ʻOihana Lehulehu

Nā ʻāpana ʻenekini turbine (nā impellers, nā shafts, nā hale)
Nā ʻāpana pae ʻāina
Nā mea paʻa (bolts, nati) a me nā mea hoʻohui kūkulu
Nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana hydraulic

2. ʻOihana ʻaila a me ke kinoea

Nā mea hana no loko o ka lua (nā koʻokoʻo wili, nā noho kiwikā, nā mea hoʻopili paipu)
Nā ʻāpana kiwikā pale i ka palaho
Nā ʻāpana lako o ke kahua ʻaila (nā ʻau pamu, nā hale, nā apo sila)