Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH 630

Whakaahuatanga Poto:

Ka whakaratohia e SAKYSTEEL ngā pae maitai kore waikura 17-4PH (630) he kaha tino pai, he ātete hoki ki te waikura mō te whakamahi ā-rangi, moana, me te ahumahi.


  • Paerewa::ASTM A564 /ASME SA564
  • Taumata::AISI 630 SUS630 17-4PH
  • Mata::Te Huri Mangu Kanapa
  • Diameter::4.00 mm ki te 400 mm
  • Taipitopito Hua

    Ngā Tohu Hua

    Ko te 17-4PH / 630 / 1.4542 a Saky Steel tētahi o ngā maitai koranu chromium-nickel kowiri tira rongonui me te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana, me te tāpiri parahi, te whakamaroke i te waihanga me te hanganga martensitic. He ātete teitei ki te waikura, me te pupuri tonu i ngā āhuatanga kaha teitei, tae atu ki te pakeke. Ka taea e te maitai te mahi i roto i te awhe pāmahana mai i te -29 ℃ ki te 343 ℃, me te pupuri tonu i ngā tawhā pai. Hei tāpiri, he pai te ngāwari o ngā rauemi o tēnei taumata, ā, he rite te ātete ki te waikura ki te 1.4301 / X5CrNi18-10.

    Ko te 17-4PH, e mōhiotia ana ko UNS S17400, he maitai kore waikura martensitic hei whakapakeke i te waikura. He rauemi maha-whakamahinga, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi, pērā i te rererangi, te karihi, te hinu matū, me te tukatuka kai.

    He kaha teitei te 17-4PH, he ātete pai ki te waikura, ā, he pakeke pai ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu maitai kore waikura. He ranunga o te 17% chromium, 4% nickel, 4% parahi, me te iti o te molybdenum me te niobium. Mā te huinga o ēnei huānga ka hoatu ki te maitai ōna āhuatanga ahurei.

    I te nuinga, he rauemi tino maha ngā whakamahinga, he rauemi whai hua hoki te 17-4PH, e whakarato ana i te taurite pai o ngā āhuatanga mō ngā momo mahi maha.

    Whakaaturanga Hua kanapa o te Pae Porowhita Kowiri tira:

     

    Ngā Whakatakotoranga o te 630pae kowiri tira:

    Ngā Whakatakotoranga:ASTM A564 /ASME SA564

    Taumata:AISI 630 SUS630 17-4PH 1.4542 PH

    Roa:5.8M, 6M me te Roa e Hiahiatia ana

    Diameter o te Pae Porowhita:4.00 mm ki te 400 mm

    Pae Kanapa :4mm – 100mm,

    Manawanui:H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, K9, K10, K11, K12 rānei, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga a ngā kiritaki

    Āhuatanga:I Tāia Matao & I Orohia I Tāia Matao, I Tihoretia & I Hangaia

    Whakaotinga Mata:Mangu, Kanapa, Oro, Hurihurihia, Taumaha Nama 4, Taumaha Mā

    Puka:Porowhita, Tapawhā, Hex (A/W), Tapawhā hāngai, Pire, Ingot, Hangaia, Me ētahi atu

    Mutunga:Pito Maamaa, Pito Whakapiko

     

    Te Hanganga Matū o ngā Pae Kowiri tira:
    Tohunga UNS Momo C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Al Mo Ti Cu Ngā Huānga Kē
    S17400 630 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.00–17.50 3.00–5.00 3.00–5.00 C
    S17700 631 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–18.00 6.50–7.75
    S15700 632 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–16.00 6.50–7.75 2.00–3.00
    S35500 634 0.10–0.15 0.50–1.25 0.040 0.030 0.50 15.00–16.00 4.00–5.00 2.50–3.25 D
    S17600 635 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–17.50 6.00–7.50 0.40
    S15500 XM-12 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–15.50 3.50–5.50 2.50–4.50 C
    S13800 XM-13 0.05 0.20 0.040 0.008 1.00 12.25–13.25 7.50–8.50 0.90–1.35 2.00–2.50 E
    S45500 XM-16 0.03 0.50 0.015 0.015 0.50 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 0.50 0.90–1.40 1.50–2.50 F
    S45503 0.010 0.50 0.010 0.010 0.50 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 0.50 1.00–1.35 1.50–2.50 F
    S45000 XM-25 0.05 1.00 0.030 0.030 0.50 14.00–16.00 5.00–7.00 1.25–1.75 G
    S46500 0.02 0.25 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.00–13.0 10.75–11.25 0.15–0.50 0.75–1.25 E
    S46910 0.030 1.00 0.040 0.020 1.00 11.00–12.50 8.00–10.00 0.50–1.20 3.0–5.0 1.5–3.5
    S10120 0.02 1.00 0.040 0.015 0.25 11.00–12.50 9.00–11.00 1.10 1.75–2.25 0.20–0.50 E
    S11100 0.02 0.25 0.040 0.010 0.25 11.00–12.50 10.25–11.25 1.35–1.75 1.75–2.25 0.20–0.50 E

     

    Ngā Tohu Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH:
    PAEREWA UNS Nama WERKSTOFF AFNOR JIS EN BS GOST
    17-4PH S17400 1.4542          
    Maimoatanga Otinga Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH:
    Tau Kaha Kume (MPa) min Te roa (% i roto i te 50mm) min Kaha Hua 0.2% Whakamātautau (MPa) min Te pakeketanga
    Rockwell C max Brinell (HB) mōrahi
    630 - - - 38 363

    Tohu Whakamārama: Āhua A 1900±25°F[1040±15°C](mātao kia rite ki te hiahia ki raro i te 90°F(30°C))

    1.4542 Ngā Whakaritenga Whakamātautau Mīhini i muri i te Maimoatanga Wera Whakamārō:

    Kaha Kume:Wāhanga – ksi (MPa), Iti rawa
    Te Kaha o te Hua:0.2 % Offset , Waeine – ksi (MPa) , Itiiti
    Te whakaroa:i roto i te 2″, Wāhanga: %, Mōkito rawa
    Te pakeketanga:Rockwell, Mōrahi

     

    Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau o te Kowiri tira 17-4PH mā te Āhua Maimoatanga Wera:

     
    H 900
    H 925
    H 1025
    H 1075
    H 1100
    H 1150
    H 1150-M
    Kaha Kume Tino Pai, ksi
    190
    170
    155
    145
    140
    135
    115
    0.2% Kaha Hua, ksi
    170
    155
    145
    125
    115
    105
    75
    % Toronga i roto i te 2″, 4XD rānei
    10
    10
    12
    13
    14
    16
    16
    Te Whakaitinga o te Horahanga, %
    40
    54
    56
    58
    58
    60
    68
    Te pakeketanga, Brinell (Rockwell)
    388 (C 40)
    375 (C 38)
    331 (C 35)
    311 (C 32)
    302 (C 31)
    277 (C 28)
    255 (C 24)
    Pānga Charpy V-Notch, ft – lbs
     
    6.8
    20
    27
    34
    41
    75

     

    Kōwhiringa Whakarewa:

    1 EAF: Ōumu Āwhata Hiko
    2 EAF+LF+VD: Te whakarewa-whakapaipai me te tango hau korehau
    3 EAF+ESR: Te Whakarewatanga o te Para Hiko
    4 EAF+PESR: te āhuarangi tiaki Te Whakarewatanga Para Hiko
    5 VIM+PESR: Te whakarewatanga o te arai korehau

    Kōwhiringa Whakamahana-Maimoatanga:

    1 +A: Kua whakawerahia (katoa/ngawari/porowhita)
    2 +N: Kua Whakapūmautia
    3 +NT: Kua whakaōritea, kua whakatikatikaina
    4 +QT: Kua tineia, kua whakamaroketia (wai/hinu)
    5 +AT: Wairewa kua whakamahanatia
    6 +P: Kua whakapakeketia te ua

     

    Te Maimoatanga Wera:

    Te maimoatanga otinga (Tūnga A) — Ka whakamahanahia ngā maitai kore waikura o te karaehe 630 ki te 1040°C mō te 0.5 hāora, kātahi ka whakamataohia ki te hau ki te 30°C. Ka taea te tineia ngā wāhanga iti o ēnei karaehe ki te hinu.

    Te Whakapakari — Ka whakapakarihia ngā maitai kore waikura o te karaehe 630 i ngā pāmahana iti kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga ā-ringa e hiahiatia ana. I roto i te tukanga, ka puta te rerekētanga o te tae o te mata, ā, ka whai muri ko te whakahekenga i te 0.10% mō te āhua H1150, me te 0.05% mō te āhua H900.

     

     

    Ngā Paerewa mō te Kowiri tira 17-4PH

    He whānuitia ngā paerewa me ngā whakaritenga o te ao e te maitai kore waikura 17-4PH, e whakarite ana i te kounga pono me te mahi puta noa i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te rererangi, te pūngao, me te tukatuka matū.

    Whakahaere Paerewa Whakatakotoranga Whakaahuatanga
    ASTM ASTM A564 / A564M Paerewa mō ngā pae me ngā āhua o te maitai kore waikura kua whakapakeketia i te wera me te makariri
      ASTM A693 Whakatakotoranga mō te pereti, te rau, me te rīpene maitai kore waikura e whakapakeke ana i te ua
      ASTM A705 / A705M Whakatakotoranga mō te hanga maitai kore waikura me te maitai ātete-wera
    ASME ASME SA564 / SA693 / SA705 Ngā whakatakotoranga waehere oko pēhanga ōrite
    AMS (Rererangi) AMS 5643 Ngā whakaritenga ā-rangi mō te pae, te waea, ngā mea hanga, me ngā mowhiti i roto i te otinga 17-4PH kua tukatukahia, kua whakatōkia hoki
      AMS 5622 Pereti, rau, me te rīpene
    EN / DIN EN 1.4542 / DIN X5CrNiCuNb16-4 Te tohu Pākehā mō te 17-4PH me te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga ōrite
    UNS UNS S17400 Te tohu Pūnaha Tau Kotahi
    ISO ISO 15156-3 Te Tohu Paetae mō te Whakamahi i roto i ngā Taputapu Papa Hinu i roto i ngā Taiao Hau Kawa
    NACE MR0175 Te whakaritenga rauemi mō te ātete ki te pakaru o te ahotea whanariki

     

    Ngā Tuemi Whakamātautau i te Papa e Pā Ana ki ngā Pae:

    Hei whakarite i te kounga me te mahi tino pai, ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā hua pae SAKY STEEL katoa mā te whānuitanga o ngā tirotiro i te papaanga. Ka manatokohia e ēnei whakamātautau te hanganga matū, te pono o te miihini, me te pumau o te hanganga moroiti i runga i ngā rauemi i mua i te tukunga, i muri rānei i te tukatuka.

    Kāore. Tuemi Whakamātautau Whakaahuatanga Ngā Rauemi / Awhe e Pā Ana Tuhipoka
    1 Whakamātautau Pakari ā-roto Ka ine i te pakeke o te mata (HB/HRC/HV) hei manatoko i te āhua o te maimoatanga wera, te hanga rānei Ngā momo pae katoa — te maitai kore waikura, te koranu nikara, te taitaniuma, te konumohe Whakamātautau paerewa mō ngā pae
    2 Whakamātautau Whakarewa-ā-roto Ka tirotiro i te hanganga o te witi, te tohatoha warowaihā, me te ōwehenga ā-wāhanga Kowiri tira, koranu nikara, titanium Ka kitea te wera nui, te kore rānei e tika te whakamahana
    3 Whakamātautau Hanganga Matū i-Tūnga (PMI) Ka whakaū i te taumata rauemi me te hanganga matū mā te whakamahi i te XRF, OES rānei Ngā pae whakarewa katoa Ārai i te ranu o ngā rauemi
    4 Whakamātautau Taumahatanga Toenga Aromatawai i te ahotea ā-roto i muri i te maimoatanga wera, i te miihini rānei Rino, nikara, pae titanium Ārai i te rerekētanga, te ngatata rānei
    5 Whakamātautau Taumahatanga me te Taumahatanga Te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha pēnei i te kaha tuku me te modulus Ngā pae hanganga, ngā pae kaha teitei rānei Manatoko ā-mīhini whiriwhiri
    6 Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro o te Tau Ferrite Ine i te uara FN me te taurite ferrite-austenite Ngā pae maitai kore waikura Austenitic / Duplex Kāore e tika ana mō te konumohe, te titanium rānei
    7 Whakamātautau Matotoru o ngā Paninga Ine i te matotoru o te paninga, te paparanga kua whakakikoruatia rānei Ngā pae whakakikoruatia, pania, whakakorikoria rānei Mō ngā pae motuhake kua maimoatia ki te mata anake
    8 Whakamātautau Waikura Whaihanga-ā-roto Aromatawai i te ātete waikura e ai ki te NACE, ki ngā whakaritenga ritenga rānei Ngā pae kowiri tira, nikara konukōre Whakamahia i roto i ngā kaupapa moana, matū rānei
    9 Te Kimi Hapa Ultrasonic (UT) Ka kitea ngā hapa ā-roto me ngā whakaurunga i roto i ngā pae totoka Ngā pae totoka whakarewa katoa Hei whakakapi i te whakamātautau matotoru o te pakitara (mō ngā ngongo anake)

     

    Tātaritanga Hanganga Matū

    I SAKY STEEL, ka whakarite mātou kia tutuki i ia puranga rauemi ngā paerewa o te ao mā te tātaritanga hanganga matū whānui. Kei roto i tā mātou taiwhanga matatau ngā taputapu hou, tae atu ki te Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES), te taputapu Positive Material Identification (PMI), te Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP), me te X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzer.

    Tikanga (Whakarāpopototanga) Ingoa / Whakaahuatanga Ingarihi Katoa Kaupapa Noa
    OES Tātaritanga Ine Tukunga Whatu Whakamātautau hanganga koranu tere
    PMI Te Tāutuhi Rauemi Pai Manatoko i te kounga o ngā rauemi i te papaanga
    ICP Te Ine Matatini Plasma Hononga Ā-Arahanga Te tātaritanga tika o ngā huānga tohu
    XRF Te Whakamātautau Hikoi-X Tātaritanga maha-huānga mō ngā tauira whakarewa me te koranu
    Tātari Waro me te Whānariki Kaitātari Waro me te Whāwhā Te whakatau i te nui o te C me te S i roto i ngā maitai
    Tātaritanga N/O/H Pūtātari Hauota, Hāora, me te Hauwai Te kimi huānga hau i roto i ngā konganuku
    Te Whakapūtanga Matū Tikanga Matū Mākū Matarohia Manatoko matū paerewa
    Ine ine Tātaritanga Matawai UV-Kitea Whakamātautau tae huānga whaiti
    FAAS Te Matawai Ngongo Atomika o te Mura Te ine i ngā huānga tauanga
    GC Te Chromatography Hau Te wehewehe me te tātari i ngā hau, i ngā matū pūngāwerewere rānei
    IC Te Chromatography Ion Te tātari i ngā anion me ngā kationi i roto i ngā otinga
    GD-MS Te Ine i te Papatipu Tukunga Hihiko Te tātaritanga hohonu me te tātaritanga mata
    Kaitātari TOC Kaitātari Waro Waro Katoa Whakamātautau ihirangi rauropi
    Ine Āhuatanga IR Ine Ira Whero Te hanganga ngota me te tautuhi matū

     

    Whakamātautau Mahi Mīhini:

    I SAKY STEEL, ka whakahaerehia e mātou he whānuitanga o ngā whakamātautau mahi ā-mīhini hei whakarite i te kaha, te pakari, me te roa o ia hua kowiri tira, koranu maitai, me te koranu nikara e tukuna ana e mātou. Ka whakahaerehia e mātou he whakamātautau whānui pēnei i te kaha kume, te kaha tuku, te roa, te pakeke (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Leeb), te piko, te pakari pānga, te ngenge, me te pakari pakaru (KIC me CTOD). Ka ine tika ēnei whakamātautau i te whanonga ā-mīhini o ngā rauemi i raro i ngā kawenga me ngā taiao rerekē, me te whakarite kia tutuki katoa ki ngā paerewa ASTM, EN, GB, me ISO.

    Tuemi Whakamātautau Ingoa Katoa / Whakaahuatanga
    Whakamātautau mārō o Brinell / Rockwell / Vickers Te ine i te pakeketanga mō ngā momo whakarewa rerekē
    Whakamātautau mārō o Knoop / Leeb / Webster Whakamātautau pakeke kawe me te whakamātautau pakeke moroiti
    Whakamātautau mārō o te takutai moana / Mohs / Pene Aromatawai mārō o te mata
    Whakamātautau whakatōtō nano Tātaritanga āhuatanga ā-mīhini moroiti/nano
    Whakamātautau kume rūma / pāmahana teitei Te whakamātautau kaha kume i ngā pāmahana taiao, i ngā pāmahana teitei rānei
    Te whakamātautau i te modulus elastic / te ōwehenga Poisson Ngā āhuatanga whakarerekētanga rapa
    Whakamātautau taupū whakapakeketanga taumahatanga kume (n) Te whanonga whakapakeketanga o ngā rauemi
    Whakamātautau ōwehenga taurite kirihou (r) Āhuatanga whakarerekētanga kirihou
    Whakamātautau piko Te whakamātautau ngāwari me te āhua
    Whakamātautau piko whakamuri Aromatawai ngenge me te ngāwari
    Whakamātautau mura / whakarara / whakapapatahi Aromatawai i te mahi hanga ngongo me te paipa
    Whakamātautau pānga pāmahana iti / rūma Whakamātautau pakari pānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē
    Aromatawai i te pakarukaru o te āhua Aromatawai i te ngoikore o te ngākau
    Whakamātautau pakari whati (whakamātautau KIC) Te ātete ki te pakaru i raro i te ahotea
    Whakamātautau kutikuti Te ine i te kaha kutikuti
    Whakamātautau ngenge Te pakari i raro i te kawenga huringa
    Whakamātautau ngokingoki manawanui Ātete whakarerekētanga mō te wā roa
    Whakamātautau Nekehanga Tuwhera o te Pito Ngatata (CTOD) Te tikanga pakaru me te tātari horapa o te pakaru
    Whakamātautau miihini kore-paerewa Whakamātautau ritenga i runga i ngā hiahia o te kiritaki

     

    Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH kua whakamanahia e te SGS – Kaha kua Manatokohia

    Tō mātouNgā pae porowhita kowiri tira 17-4PHka whakamatautauria, ka manatokohia hoki eSGS, me te whakarite kia tutuki katoa ngā paerewa o te ao me ngā whakaritenga taumata kaupapa.

    ✔ Arotake motuhake nā SGS
    ✔ Te whai i te katoa me te Nama Wera.
    ✔ Ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te matū kua manatokohia
    ✔ He pai mō ngā tono nui (Hinuhinu me te Hau, Rererangi, Hangarau)

    Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH kua whakamanahia     Pae Kowiri tira 17-4PH

    He aha mātou i whiriwhiri ai:

    1. Ka taea e koe te tiki i te rauemi tino tika e ai ki ō hiahia i te utu iti rawa.
    2. Kei a mātou anō ngā utu tuku Reworks, FOB, CFR, CIF, me te tatau ki te tatau. Ka tūtohu mātou kia mahi koe i tētahi kirimana utu iti mō te tuku, ā, he tino ohanga tēnei.
    3. Ka taea te manatoko i ngā rauemi e tukuna ana e mātou, mai i te tiwhikete whakamātautau rauemi mata ki te tauākī whakamutunga mō ngā āhuatanga. (Ka whakaatuhia ngā pūrongo mēnā e hiahiatia ana)
    4. te taurangi ki te tuku whakautu i roto i ngā haora 24 (i taua haora anō)
    5. Ka taea e koe te tiki i ētahi atu momo taonga, ngā tuku mira me te whakaiti i te wā hanga.
    6. E tino whakapau kaha ana mātou ki te tautoko i ā mātou kiritaki. Mēnā kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ō hiahia i muri i te tirotiro i ngā kōwhiringa katoa, e kore mātou e tinihanga i a koe mā te whakaputa kupu whakaari teka, ka waihanga hononga pai ki ngā kiritaki.

    Tākai

    1. He mea nui te tākai, inā koa mō ngā tukunga o tāwāhi e haere ana ngā uta mā roto i ngā huarahi rerekē kia tae atu ki te ūnga whakamutunga, nō reira ka tino aro nui mātou ki te tākai.
    2. He maha ngā huarahi e tākai ai a Saky Steel i ā mātou taonga, e ai ki ngā hua. He maha ngā huarahi e tākai ai mātou i ā mātou hua, pērā i,

    Mōkihi pae kowiri tira 430F

    Ngā tono:

    Ko te 17-4PH, 630 me te X5CrNiCuNb16-4 / 1.4542 e whakaratohia ana i roto i te ahua o ngā pae porowhita, ngā rau, ngā pae papatahi me te rīpene hurihuri-makariri. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te rauemi i roto i ngā ahumahi rererangi, moana, pepa, pūngao, moana me te kai mō ngā wāhanga mīhini taumaha, ngā pū, ngā mata tāpoi, ngā hononga, ngā tīwiri, ngā toki taraiwa, ngā nati, me ngā taputapu ine.

    1. Ahumahi Rererangi

    • Ngā wāhanga o te miihini turbine (ngā impeller, ngā pou, ngā whare)

    • Ngā wāhanga taputapu taunga

    • Ngā here (pūtu, nati) me ngā hononga hanganga

    • Ngā wāhanga pūnaha waipēhi

    2. Ahumahi Hinu me te Hau

    • Ngā taputapu poka raro (ngā tokotoko keri, ngā nohoanga takirere, ngā hononga paipa)

    • Ngā wāhanga takirere ātete-waikura

    • Ngā wāhanga taputapu mara hinu (ngā toki papu, ngā whare, ngā mowhiti hiri)

    3. Ahumahi Tukatuka Matū

    • Ngā papu me ngā takirere e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao waikawa

    • Ngā whakawhiti wera me ngā oko pēhanga

    • Ngā tauhohenga me ngā toki whakaoho

    • Ngā taputapu mō ngā tāke rokiroki

    4. Ngā Taputapu Tukatuka Kai me te Hauora

    • Ngā pokepoke kai me ngā wāhanga taraiwa

    • Ngā wāhanga mō ngā mīhini whakamate pēhanga teitei

    • Ngā taputapu pokanga me ngā taputapu hauora (me whai tiwhikete)

    • Ngā wāhanga mō ngā pūnaha whakahaere pēhanga hauora

    5. Te Hangarau Moana me te Tai Hauāuru

    • Ngā pou porotiti me ngā huihuinga whakatere

    • Ngā toki papu wai moana me ngā wāhanga hiri

    • Ngā here me ngā hononga hanganga i roto i ngā takere kaipuke

    • Ngā wāhanga ātete-waikura mō ngā papaaho taimoana

    6. Te Whakaputa Hiko me te Pūngao Karihi

    • Ngā here mō ngā hanganga tauhohenga karihi

    • Ngā tautoko paihere ngongo mō ngā whakawhiti wera

    • Ngā tokotoko takirere waipēhi me ngā tinana papu

    • Ngā wāhanga takirere pāmahana-tiketike

    7. Ahumahi Pokepokea me te Utauta

    • Ngā anga pokepokea werohanga

    • Ngā toki hanga kaha-teitei me ngā tautoko

    • Ngā pou ārahi me ngā pūmau mō te tā i ngā pokepokea ai

    8. Mīhini Whānui me te Aunoatanga

    • Ngā wāhanga tuku pēnei i ngā pou taputapu, ngā hononga, me ngā pou whakarara

    • Ngā reri miihini me ngā tokotoko tūnga i roto i ngā pūnaha aunoatanga

    • Ngā tokotoko piston waipēhi ahumahi


  • O mua:
  • Panuku:

  • Ngā Hua e Pā Ana