Ⅰ. Manufar asali ta maganin zafi.
A. Asalin manufar maganin zafi.
Abubuwan asali da ayyukanmaganin zafi:
1. Dumamawa
Manufar ita ce a sami tsari mai kama da juna da kyau na austenite.
2. Rikewa
Manufar ita ce a tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da kayan aikin sosai kuma a hana lalatawa da kuma lalata iskar shaka.
3. Sanyaya
Manufar ita ce a canza Austenite zuwa ƙananan tsarin halitta daban-daban.
Ƙananan tsarin bayan maganin zafi
A lokacin sanyaya bayan dumamawa da riƙewa, austenite yana canzawa zuwa ƙananan sassa daban-daban dangane da saurin sanyaya. Ƙananan sassa daban-daban suna nuna halaye daban-daban.
B. Asalin manufar maganin zafi.
Rarrabawa bisa ga Hanyoyin Dumama da Sanyaya, da kuma Tsarin da kaddarorin Karfe
1. Maganin Zafi na Gargajiya (Maganin Zafi na Gabaɗaya): Tsaftacewa, Ragewa, Daidaitawa, Kashewa
2. Maganin Zafin Sama: Kashe saman, Kashe Dumama Mai Sanyaya Fuskar, Kashe saman Dumama Mai Sanyaya Wuta, Kashe saman Dumama Mai Sanyaya Fuskar Lantarki.
3. Maganin Zafi na Sinadarai: Yin Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbonitriding.
4. Sauran Maganin Zafi: Maganin Zafi Mai Kula da Yanayi, Maganin Zafi Mai Tsabta, Maganin Zafi Mai Canzawa.
C. Matsanancin Zafin Karfe
Zafin zafin canji mai mahimmanci na ƙarfe muhimmin tushe ne na tantance hanyoyin dumama, riƙewa, da sanyaya yayin maganin zafi. Ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar zane-zanen matakin ƙarfe-carbon.
Babban Kammalawa:Ainihin zafin canjin ƙarfe mai mahimmanci koyaushe yana ƙasa da zafin canjin yanayi na ka'ida. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar zafi fiye da kima yayin dumama, kuma rashin sanyaya ƙasa yana da mahimmanci yayin sanyaya.
Ⅱ. Hana Karfe da Daidaita Shi
1. Ma'anar Annealing
Zubar da ƙarfe ya ƙunshi dumama ƙarfe zuwa zafin jiki sama ko ƙasa da ma'aunin Ac₁ mai mahimmanci, sannan a sanyaya shi a hankali, yawanci a cikin tanda, don cimma tsari kusa da daidaito.
2. Manufar Gyaran Jijiyoyi
①Daidaita Taurin don Inji: Samun taurin injin da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin kewayon HB170 ~ 230.
②Rage Damuwa da Ta Rage: Yana hana lalacewa ko tsagewa yayin aiwatarwa na gaba.
③Tsabtace Tsarin Hatsi: Yana inganta tsarin ƙananan.
④Shirye-shirye don Maganin Zafi na Ƙarshe: Yana samun pearlite mai siffar granular (spheroidized) don kashewa da kuma rage zafi daga baya.
3. Yin amfani da sinadarin spheroidizing
Bayanin Tsarin Aiki: Zafin zafi yana kusa da wurin Ac₁.
Manufa: Don yin spherroidize da siminti ko carbide a cikin ƙarfe, wanda ke haifar da granular (spheroidized) pearlite.
Tsarin da Ya Dace: Ana amfani da shi don ƙarfe masu ɗauke da abubuwan da ke ɗauke da eutectoid da hypereutectoid.
4. Rarraba Ruwan Jini (Rarraba Ruwan Jini)
Bayanin Tsarin Aiki: Zafin zafi yana ƙasa da layin solvus akan zane-zanen mataki.
Manufa: Don kawar da wariya.
①Ga ƙananan-ƙarfe mai carbonIdan sinadarin carbon bai kai kashi 0.25% ba, ana fifita daidaita shi fiye da rage zafi a matsayin maganin zafi na shiri.
②Ga ƙarfe mai matsakaicin carbon wanda ke da sinadarin carbon tsakanin 0.25% da 0.50%, ko dai annealing ko normalize za a iya amfani da shi azaman maganin zafi na shiri.
③Ga ƙarfe mai matsakaicin carbon zuwa mai yawan carbon wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin carbon tsakanin 0.50% da 0.75%, ana ba da shawarar a yi cikakken annealing.
④ Don manyan-ƙarfe mai carbonIdan aka yi amfani da sinadarin carbon fiye da 0.75%, ana fara amfani da daidaita tsarin don kawar da hanyar sadarwa ta Fe₃C, sannan a biyo baya da rage saurin spheroidizing.
Ⅲ. Kashewa da kuma rage zafin ƙarfe
A. Kashewa
1. Ma'anar Kashewa: Kashewa ya ƙunshi dumama ƙarfe zuwa wani zafin jiki sama da wurin Ac₃ ko Ac₁, riƙe shi a wannan zafin, sannan a sanyaya shi a wani saurin da ya fi ƙarfin sanyaya mai mahimmanci don samar da martensite.
2. Manufar Kashewa: Babban burin shine a sami martensite (ko wani lokacin rage bainite) don ƙara tauri da juriyar lalacewa na ƙarfe. Kashewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin magance zafi ga ƙarfe.
3. Kayyade Yanayin Zafin Kashewa ga Nau'ikan Karfe daban-daban
Karfe mai ƙarfi: Ac₃ + 30°C zuwa 50°C
Karfe Eutectoid da Hypereutectoid: Ac₁ + 30°C zuwa 50°C
Karfe Mai Alloy: 50°C zuwa 100°C sama da zafin jiki mai mahimmanci
4. Halayen Sanyaya na Matsakaici Mai Kyau na Kashewa:
Sanyaya a Hankali Kafin Zafin "Hanci": Don rage damuwa mai zafi sosai.
Babban Ƙarfin Sanyaya Kusa da Zafin "Hanci": Don guje wa samuwar gine-gine marasa amfani da iska.
Sanyaya A Hankali Kusa da Ma'aunin M₅: Don rage damuwar da canjin martensitic ke haifarwa.
5. Hanyoyin Kashewa da Halayensu:
①Sauƙin Kashewa: Mai sauƙin aiki kuma ya dace da ƙananan kayan aiki masu siffa mai sauƙi. Tsarin da aka samu shine martensite (M).
②Ƙarfin Kashewa Biyu: Ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana da wahalar sarrafawa, ana amfani da shi don ƙarfe mai siffa mai rikitarwa da manyan kayan aikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Tsarin da aka samu shine martensite (M).
③Kashewa da Ya Karye: Tsarin aiki mai rikitarwa, wanda ake amfani da shi don manyan kayan aikin ƙarfe masu siffa mai rikitarwa. Tsarin da aka samu shine martensite (M).
④Isothermal Qunching: Ana amfani da shi ga ƙananan kayan aiki masu siffa mai rikitarwa waɗanda ke da buƙatu masu yawa. Tsarin da ke haifar da shi shine ƙananan bainite (B).
6. Abubuwan da ke Shafar Taurin Kai
Matsayin taurarewa ya dogara ne akan daidaiton austenite mai sanyaya a cikin ƙarfe. Girman daidaiton austenite mai sanyaya a cikin ƙarfe, mafi kyawun taurarewa, haka nan akasin haka.
Abubuwan da ke Tasirin Kwanciyar Hankali na Austenite Mai Sanyaya:
Matsayin C-Curve: Idan C-curve ya koma dama, mahimmancin saurin sanyaya don kashewa yana raguwa, yana inganta taurarewa.
Babban Kammalawa:
Duk wani abu da ya canza lanƙwasa C zuwa dama yana ƙara ƙarfin taurarewar ƙarfe.
Babban Mahimmanci:
Sinadarin Sinadari: Banda cobalt (Co), duk abubuwan da ke narkewa a cikin austenite suna ƙara taurarewa.
Da zarar sinadarin carbon ya kusanci sinadarin eutectoid da ke cikin ƙarfen carbon, to, yawan canjin C-curve zuwa dama, kuma ƙarfin taurarewa ya fi girma.
7. Ƙaddara da Wakiltar Ƙarfin Tauri
①Gwajin Taurin Ƙarfi na Ƙarshe: Ana auna ƙarfin taurin ta amfani da hanyar gwajin ƙarshen-ƙunci.
②Hanyar Diamita Mai Muhimmanci: Diamita mai mahimmanci na kashewa (D₀) yana wakiltar matsakaicin diamita na ƙarfe wanda za'a iya taurare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin takamaiman hanyar kashewa.
B. Mai fushi
1. Ma'anar Tempering
Tsarin dumamawa tsari ne na maganin zafi inda ake sake dumama ƙarfen da aka kashe zuwa yanayin zafi ƙasa da wurin A₁, a riƙe shi a wannan yanayin zafin, sannan a sanyaya shi zuwa yanayin zafin ɗaki.
2. Manufar Tsaftacewa
Rage Ko Kawar da Damuwa da ta Rage: Yana hana lalacewa ko tsagewar kayan aikin.
Rage ko Kawar da Sauran Austenite: Yana daidaita girman kayan aikin.
Kawar da Karfe Mai Lalacewa: Yana daidaita tsarin da kaddarorin kayan aikin don biyan buƙatun kayan aikin.
Muhimmin Bayani: Ya kamata a rage zafin ƙarfe nan da nan bayan an kashe shi.
3. Tsarin Gyaran Jiki
1. Ƙananan Juriya
Manufa: Don rage damuwa, inganta taurin kayan aikin, da kuma cimma babban tauri da juriyar lalacewa.
Zafin jiki: 150°C ~ 250°C.
Aiki: Tauri: HRC 58 ~ 64. Babban tauri da juriyar lalacewa.
Aikace-aikace: Kayan aiki, ƙira, bearings, sassan da aka yi da carburized, da kuma abubuwan da aka yi da saman.
2. Babban Tsanani
Manufa: Don cimma babban ƙarfi tare da isasshen ƙarfi da tauri.
Zafin jiki: 500°C ~ 600°C.
Aiki: Tauri: HRC 25 ~ 35. Kyakkyawan halayen injiniya gabaɗaya.
Aikace-aikace: Shafts, gears, haɗaɗɗun sanduna, da sauransu.
Tacewar Zafi
Ma'ana: Ana kiran quenching da tempering mai zafi sosai, ko kuma kawai tempering. Karfe da wannan tsari ya yi wa magani yana da kyakkyawan aiki gaba ɗaya kuma ana amfani da shi sosai.
Ⅳ. Maganin Zafin Sama na Karfe
A. Kashe Karfe a Sama
1. Ma'anar Taurarewar Fuska
Taurare saman wani tsari ne na sarrafa zafi wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa saman kayan aiki ta hanyar dumama shi cikin sauri don canza saman zuwa austenite sannan a sanyaya shi da sauri. Ana gudanar da wannan tsari ba tare da canza sinadaran ƙarfe ko tsarin kayan ba.
2. Kayan da ake Amfani da su don Tsarin Taurarewa da Bayan Taurarewa
Kayan da ake Amfani da su don Taurare Fuskar
Kayan Aiki Na Musamman: Karfe mai matsakaicin carbon da kuma ƙarfe mai matsakaicin carbon.
Kafin a Yi Magani: Tsarin Aiki Na Yau Da Kullum: Ƙarfafawa. Idan ainihin halayen ba su da mahimmanci, ana iya amfani da daidaita yanayin aiki.
Tsarin Bayan Taurarewa
Tsarin Fuskar Sama: Tsarin saman yawanci yana samar da tsari mai tauri kamar martensite ko bainite, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi da juriya ga lalacewa.
Tsarin Jiki: Jikin ƙarfe gabaɗaya yana riƙe da tsarinsa na asali, kamar yanayin pearlite ko yanayin zafi, ya danganta da tsarin kafin a yi masa magani da kuma halayen kayan tushe. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa jikin yana riƙe da ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai kyau.
B. Halayen taurarewar saman induction
1. Zafin Dumama Mai Tsanani da Saurin Zafi: Taurarewar saman induction yawanci ya ƙunshi yanayin zafi mai yawa da saurin dumama, wanda ke ba da damar dumama cikin sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
2. Tsarin Hatsi Mai Kyau na Austenite a cikin Layer na Sama: A lokacin dumama da kuma tsarin kashewa mai sauri, Layer na saman yana samar da kyawawan hatsi na Austenite. Bayan kashewa, saman ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun martensite, tare da tauri yawanci 2-3 HRC mafi girma fiye da kashewa na al'ada.
3. Ingancin Sama Mai Kyau: Saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin dumama, saman aikin ba shi da saurin oxidation da decarburization, kuma lalacewar da ke haifar da kashewa yana raguwa, wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin saman.
4. Ƙarfin Gajiya Mai Girma: Canjin yanayin martensitic a cikin saman Layer yana haifar da damuwa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin gajiya na aikin.
5. Ingantaccen Samarwa: Taurarewar saman induction ya dace da samar da kayayyaki da yawa, yana ba da ingantaccen aiki mai yawa.
C. Rarraba maganin zafi na sinadarai
Carburizing, Carburizing, Carburizing, Chromizing, Siliconizing, Siliconizing, Siliconizing, Carbonitriding, Borocarizing
D. Gas Carburizing
Gas Carburizing tsari ne da ake sanya kayan aiki a cikin tanda mai rufewa da iskar gas carburizing sannan a dumama shi zuwa zafin da zai mayar da ƙarfen zuwa austenite. Sannan, ana zuba sinadarin carburizing a cikin tanderun, ko kuma a shigar da yanayin carburizing kai tsaye, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin carbon su bazu zuwa saman kayan aikin. Wannan tsari yana ƙara yawan sinadarin carbon (wc%) a saman kayan aikin.
√Abubuwan da ke ƙara kuzari:
• Iskar Gas Mai Arzikin Carbon: Kamar iskar kwal, iskar gas mai ruwa-ruwa (LPG), da sauransu.
• Ruwan Da Aka Shafa: Kamar man fetur, methanol, benzene, da sauransu.
√Sigogin Tsarin Carburizing:
• Zafin Carburizing: 920~950°C.
•Lokacin Haɗa Carbur: Ya danganta da zurfin da ake so na layin da aka yi da carbur da kuma zafin da ake amfani da shi wajen haƙa Carbur.
E. Maganin Zafi Bayan Carburizing
Dole ne a yi amfani da ƙarfe a cikin maganin zafi bayan an yi amfani da shi a cikin carburetion.
Tsarin Maganin Zafi Bayan Carburizing:
√Kashewa + Ƙarfin Zafin Jiki Mai Sauƙi
1. Kashewa Kai Tsaye Bayan Sanyaya Kafin Sanyaya + Ƙarancin Zafin Jiki: Ana sanyaya kayan aikin kafin a fara sanyaya su daga zafin carburising zuwa sama da zafin Ar₁ na tsakiya sannan a kashe su nan take, sannan a rage zafi zuwa 160~180°C.
2. Kashewa Ɗaya Bayan Sanyaya Kafin Sanyaya + Ƙarancin Zafin Jiki: Bayan an yi amfani da carburizing, ana sanyaya kayan aikin a hankali zuwa zafin ɗaki, sannan a sake dumama su don kashewa da kuma rage zafin jiki.
3. Kashewa Biyu Bayan Sanyaya Kafin Sanyaya + Ƙarancin Zafin Jiki: Bayan sanyaya da kuma sanyaya a hankali, kayan aikin za su fuskanci matakai biyu na dumama da kashewa, sannan su yi zafi a ƙananan zafin jiki.
Ⅴ. Maganin Zafi na Sinadaran Karfe
1. Ma'anar Maganin Zafi na Sinadarai
Maganin zafi na sinadarai tsari ne na maganin zafi inda ake sanya kayan aikin ƙarfe a cikin wani takamaiman matsakaici mai aiki, a dumama shi, sannan a riƙe shi a zafin jiki, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin halitta masu aiki a cikin matsakaici su bazu zuwa saman kayan aikin. Wannan yana canza tsarin sinadarai da ƙananan tsarin saman kayan aikin, ta haka yana canza halayensa.
2. Tsarin Asali na Maganin Zafi na Sinadarai
Rushewa: A lokacin dumama, matsakaicin aiki yana ruɓewa, yana sakin ƙwayoyin halitta masu aiki.
Sha: Kwayoyin halittar da ke aiki suna shanye su ta saman ƙarfen kuma suna narkewa cikin ruwan da ke cikin ƙarfen.
Yaɗuwa: Kwayoyin halittar da ke aiki suna sha kuma suna narkewa a saman ƙarfe suna ƙaura zuwa cikin ciki.
Nau'ikan Taurarewar Fuskar Induction
a. Dumama Mai Yawan Sauri
Mitar Aiki ta Yanzu: 250~300 kHz.
Zurfin Layer Mai Tauri: 0.5~2.0 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Giya mai matsakaici da ƙanana da kuma shafts masu girma dabam-dabam.
b. Dumama Mai Matsakaici Mai Sauri
Mitar Aiki ta Yanzu: 2500~8000 kHz.
Zurfin Layer Mai Tauri: 2~10 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Manyan shafts da manyan zuwa matsakaici na kayan aiki.
c. Dumama Mai Saurin Ƙarfi
Mitar Aiki ta Yanzu: 50 Hz.
Zurfin Layer Mai Tauri: 10~15 mm.
Aikace-aikace: Kayan aiki suna buƙatar Layer mai tauri sosai.
3. Taurarewar saman Induction
Ka'idar Asali ta Taurarewar Fuskar Induction
Tasirin Fata:
Idan aka canza wutar lantarki a cikin na'urar induction coil ta haifar da kwararar lantarki a saman kayan aikin, yawancin wutar da aka haifar tana taruwa kusa da saman, yayin da kusan babu wutar lantarki da ke ratsa cikin kayan aikin. Wannan lamari ana kiransa da tasirin fata.
Ka'idar Taurarewar Fuskar Induction:
Dangane da tasirin fata, ana dumama saman kayan aikin cikin sauri zuwa zafin da ke ƙara ƙarfi (yana tashi zuwa 800 ~ 1000°C cikin ƴan daƙiƙa), yayin da cikin kayan aikin bai yi zafi ba. Sannan ana sanyaya kayan aikin ta hanyar fesa ruwa, wanda hakan zai sa saman ya taurare.
4. Rashin Haushi
Ƙarfin Ƙarfe a cikin Ƙarfe Mai Lalacewa
Ƙarfin jurewa yana nufin abin da ke faruwa inda ƙarfin tasirin ƙarfe da aka kashe ya ragu sosai idan aka daidaita shi a wasu yanayin zafi.
Nau'in Farko na Ƙarfin Ƙarfi
Yanayin Zafin Jiki: 250°C zuwa 350°C.
Halaye: Idan an rage ƙarfin ƙarfen da aka kashe a cikin wannan yanayin zafin jiki, yana da yuwuwar samun irin wannan raunin da zai iya rage ƙarfinsa, wanda ba za a iya kawar da shi ba.
Magani: A guji sanya ƙarfen da aka kashe a cikin wannan yanayin zafi.
Nau'in farko na rashin ƙarfi ana kuma kiransa da rashin ƙarfi na rage zafi ko kuma rashin ƙarfi na rage zafi.
Ⅵ. Mai fushi
1.Tsutsar wuta tsari ne na ƙarshe na maganin zafi wanda ke biyo bayan kashe wuta.
Me Yasa Karfe Masu Lalacewa Ke Bukatar Ƙarfafawa?
Tsarin Ƙararraki Bayan Kashewa: Bayan kashewa, tsarin ƙararraki yawanci ya ƙunshi martensite da residual austenite. Dukansu matakai ne masu narkewa kuma za su canza a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.
Halayen Martensite: Martensite yana da tauri mai yawa amma kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai (musamman a cikin martensite mai kama da allura mai yawan carbon), wanda bai cika buƙatun aiki don aikace-aikace da yawa ba.
Halayen Canjin Martensitic: Canjin zuwa martensite yana faruwa da sauri. Bayan an kashe shi, kayan aikin suna da sauran matsin lamba na ciki wanda zai iya haifar da nakasa ko fashewa.
Kammalawa: Ba za a iya amfani da kayan aikin kai tsaye bayan an kashe su ba! Yana da mahimmanci a rage damuwa a cikin jiki da kuma inganta taurin kayan aikin, wanda hakan zai sa ya dace da amfani.
2. Bambanci Tsakanin Ƙarfin Tauri da Ƙarfin Tauri:
Taurin kai:
Taurarewa tana nufin ikon ƙarfe na cimma wani zurfin taurarewa (zurfin Layer mai taurare) bayan an kashe shi. Ya danganta da abun da ƙarfen ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa, musamman abubuwan da ke haɗa shi da kuma nau'in ƙarfen. Taurarewa ma'auni ne na yadda ƙarfen zai iya taurarewa a duk lokacin da yake kauri yayin aikin kashe shi.
Tauri (Ƙarfin Tauri):
Tauri, ko ƙarfin tauri, yana nufin matsakaicin tauri da za a iya samu a cikin ƙarfe bayan an kashe shi. Babban tasirinsa shine yawan sinadarin carbon da ke cikin ƙarfe. Babban sinadarin carbon gabaɗaya yana haifar da ƙarin tauri, amma wannan na iya iyakance shi ta hanyar abubuwan da ke haɗa ƙarfe da ingancin tsarin kashewa.
3. Taurarewar Karfe
√Tunanin Taurarewa
Taurarewa yana nufin ikon ƙarfe na cimma wani zurfin taurarewar martensitic bayan an kashe shi daga zafin austenitizing. A cikin sauƙi, ikon ƙarfe ne na samar da martensite yayin kashewa.
Auna Taurin Kai
Girman taurin yana nuna ta zurfin taurin da aka samu a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi bayan an kashe shi.
Zurfin Layer Mai Tauri: Wannan shine zurfin daga saman aikin zuwa yankin da tsarin yake rabin martensite.
Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Kashewa na Yau da Kullum:
•Ruwa
Halaye: Yana da araha tare da ƙarfin sanyaya mai ƙarfi, amma yana da saurin sanyaya mai yawa kusa da wurin tafasa, wanda zai iya haifar da sanyaya mai yawa.
Aikace-aikace: Yawanci ana amfani da shi don ƙarfe na carbon.
Ruwan Gishiri: Maganin gishiri ko alkali a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da ƙarfin sanyaya mafi girma a yanayin zafi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da ruwa, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da ƙarfen carbon.
• Mai
Halaye: Yana samar da saurin sanyaya a hankali a ƙananan yanayin zafi (kusa da wurin tafasa), wanda ke rage saurin lalacewa da tsagewa yadda ya kamata, amma yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin sanyaya a yanayin zafi mai yawa.
Aikace-aikace: Ya dace da ƙarfe masu ƙarfe.
Nau'i: Ya haɗa da man kashe wuta, man injina, da man dizal.
Lokacin Dumamawa
Lokacin dumama ya ƙunshi duka saurin dumama (lokacin da aka ɗauka don isa ga zafin da ake so) da kuma lokacin riƙewa (lokacin da aka kiyaye a zafin da aka yi niyya).
Ka'idoji don Ƙayyade Lokacin Dumamawa: Tabbatar da rarraba yanayin zafi iri ɗaya a cikin aikin, duka a ciki da waje.
Tabbatar da cikakken austenitization da kuma cewa austenite ɗin da aka yi daidai yake da kyau.
Tushen Ƙayyade Lokacin Zafi: Yawanci ana ƙiyasta shi ta amfani da dabarun gwaji ko kuma an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar gwaji.
Kashe Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai
Muhimman Abubuwa Biyu:
a. Yawan Sanyaya: Yawan sanyaya yana haifar da samuwar martensite.
b. Damuwa Mai Sauri: Yawan sanyaya jiki yana ƙara yawan damuwa da ke ragewa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙaruwar nakasa da tsagewa a cikin aikin.
Ⅶ. Daidaita
1. Ma'anar Daidaita Daidaito
Daidaita tsari wani tsari ne na sarrafa zafi inda ake dumama ƙarfe zuwa zafin jiki na 30°C zuwa 50°C sama da zafin Ac3, a riƙe shi a wannan zafin, sannan a sanyaya shi da iska don samun ƙaramin tsari kusa da yanayin daidaito. Idan aka kwatanta da annealing, daidaitawa yana da saurin sanyaya, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen tsarin pearlite (P) da ƙarfi da tauri mafi girma.
2. Manufar Daidaita Daidaito
Manufar daidaita yanayin jiki yana kama da na rage kiba.
3. Aikace-aikacen Daidaita Daidaitawa
• Kawar da simintin siminti mai haɗin yanar gizo.
•Yi aiki a matsayin maganin zafi na ƙarshe ga sassan da ke da ƙarancin buƙatu.
•Yi aiki a matsayin maganin zafi na shiri don ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon da matsakaici don inganta injin.
4. Nau'ikan Rufe Ido
Nau'in Farko na Rufe Ido:
Manufa da Aiki: Manufar ba wai don haifar da sauyi a matakai ba ne, sai dai don sauya ƙarfe daga yanayin rashin daidaito zuwa yanayin daidaito.
Nau'i:
•Yaɗuwar Yaɗuwa: Yana da nufin daidaita abun da ke ciki ta hanyar kawar da rarrabuwa.
•Sake Sa ...
•Rage Damuwa a Zuciya: Yana rage damuwa a cikin jiki ba tare da canza tsarin ba.
Nau'i na Biyu na Rufe Ido:
Manufa da Aiki: Yana da nufin canza tsarin da halayensa, ta hanyar cimma tsarin da ke da rinjayen pearlite. Wannan nau'in kuma yana tabbatar da cewa rarrabawa da yanayin pearlite, ferrite, da carbides sun cika takamaiman buƙatu.
Nau'i:
• Cikakken Ruwan Hana Karfe: Yana dumama ƙarfen sama da zafin Ac3 sannan a hankali ya sanyaya shi don samar da tsarin pearlite iri ɗaya.
• Rashin Cikakkiyar Numfashi: Yana dumama ƙarfe tsakanin yanayin zafi na Ac1 da Ac3 don canza tsarin kaɗan.
•Ana ƙara ƙarfin zafi a cikin ƙarfe: Yana dumama ƙarfe zuwa sama da Ac3, sannan a sanyaya shi da sauri zuwa zafin jiki na isothermal da riƙewa don cimma tsarin da ake so.
•Ana ƙara girman spheroid: Yana samar da tsarin spheroidal carbide, yana inganta ƙarfin injin da kuma tauri.
Ⅷ.1. Ma'anar Maganin Zafi
Maganin zafi yana nufin wani tsari da ake dumama ƙarfe, a riƙe shi a wani takamaiman zafin jiki, sannan a sanyaya yayin da yake cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi don canza tsarin ciki da ƙananan tsarinsa, ta haka ne ake cimma halayen da ake so.
2.Halayen Maganin Zafi
Maganin zafi ba ya canza siffar kayan aikin; maimakon haka, yana canza tsarin ciki da ƙananan tsarin ƙarfe, wanda hakan ke canza halayen ƙarfen.
3. Manufar Maganin Zafi
Manufar maganin zafi ita ce inganta kayan aikin ƙarfe (ko kayan aikin), amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfe sosai, haɓaka ingancin kayan aikin, da kuma tsawaita tsawon lokacin aikinsa.
4. Kammalawa Mai Mahimmanci
Ko za a iya inganta halayen wani abu ta hanyar maganin zafi ya dogara sosai kan ko akwai canje-canje a cikin ƙananan tsarinsa da tsarinsa yayin aikin dumama da sanyaya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-19-2024