Ⅰ. Lingaliro loyambira la chithandizo cha kutentha.
A. Lingaliro loyambira la chithandizo cha kutentha.
Zinthu zoyambira ndi ntchito zachithandizo cha kutentha:
1. Kutentha
Cholinga chake ndi kupeza kapangidwe ka austenite kofanana komanso kosalala.
2. Kugwira
Cholinga chake ndikuonetsetsa kuti chogwiriracho chatenthedwa bwino komanso kupewa kusungunuka kwa mafuta m'thupi ndi kusungunuka kwa okosijeni.
3. Kuziziritsa
Cholinga chake ndikusintha austenite kukhala ma microstructure osiyanasiyana.
Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha
Panthawi yozizira pambuyo potentha ndi kuigwira, austenite imasintha kukhala ma microstructure osiyanasiyana kutengera liwiro la kuzizira. Ma microstructure osiyanasiyana amasonyeza makhalidwe osiyanasiyana.
B. Lingaliro loyambira la chithandizo cha kutentha.
Kugawa Kutengera Njira Zotenthetsera ndi Kuziziritsa, komanso Kapangidwe Kakang'ono ndi Katundu wa Chitsulo
1. Chithandizo Chachikhalidwe Cha Kutentha (Chithandizo Chathunthu Cha Kutentha): Kutenthetsa, Kuphimba, Kubwezeretsa, Kuthetsa, Kuthetsa
2. Chithandizo cha Kutentha kwa Pamwamba: Kuzimitsa Pamwamba, Kuzimitsa Pamwamba, Kuzimitsa Pamwamba, Kuzimitsa Pamwamba ndi Magetsi.
3.Chemical Heat Treatment: Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbonitriding.
4. Mankhwala Ena Okhudza Kutentha: Chithandizo Chotentha cha Mlengalenga Cholamulidwa, Chithandizo Chotentha cha Vacuum, Chithandizo Chotentha Chosintha.
C. Kutentha Kofunika Kwambiri kwa Zitsulo
Kutentha kofunikira kwambiri kwa chitsulo ndi maziko ofunikira podziwa njira zotenthetsera, kusunga, ndi kuziziritsira panthawi yothira kutentha. Kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chithunzi cha gawo la chitsulo ndi mpweya.
Mapeto Ofunika:Kutentha kwenikweni kwa chitsulo chosinthika kwambiri nthawi zonse kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa chiphunzitso chosinthika kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutentha kwambiri kumafunika panthawi yotenthetsera, ndipo kuzizira pang'ono ndikofunikira panthawi yoziziritsa.
Ⅱ. Kuchepetsa ndi Kubwezeretsa Chitsulo
1. Tanthauzo la Annealing
Kuphimba chitsulo kumaphatikizapo kutentha chitsulo kufika pa kutentha pamwamba kapena pansi pa mfundo yofunika kwambiri Ac₁ kuigwira kutentha kumeneko, kenako n’kuiziziritsa pang’onopang’ono, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa ng’anjo, kuti chikhale chofanana ndi chamoyo.
2. Cholinga cha Annealing
①Sinthani Kulimba kwa Machining: Kukwaniritsa kulimba kwa makina pakati pa HB170 ~ 230.
②Kuchepetsa Kupsinjika Kotsalira: Kumaletsa kusinthika kapena kusweka panthawi yochita zinthu zina.
③Kukonza Kapangidwe ka Tirigu: Kumawongolera kapangidwe kake kakang'ono.
④Kukonzekera Kutentha Komaliza: Kumapeza pearlite yopyapyala (yokhala ndi spheroidized) kuti izimitse ndi kutenthetsa pambuyo pake.
3. Kuphimba kwa Spheroidizing
Mafotokozedwe a Njira: Kutentha kwa kutentha kuli pafupi ndi Ac₁ point.
Cholinga: Kupangitsa kuti simenti kapena ma carbide akhale ozungulira mu chitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pearlite ikhale yopyapyala (yozungulira).
Mtundu Woyenera: Umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsulo zokhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi eutectoid ndi hypereutectoid.
4. Kufalitsa Annealing (Homogenizing Annealing)
Mafotokozedwe a Njira: Kutentha kwa kutentha kuli pansi pang'ono pa mzere wa solvus pa chithunzi cha gawo.
Cholinga: Kuthetsa tsankho.
①Kwa otsika-chitsulo cha kabonindi mpweya wochepa wa kaboni wochepera 0.25%, kusinthasintha kwabwino kumakondedwa kuposa kupopera ngati njira yokonzekera kutentha.
②Pa chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni chokhala ndi mpweya wa kaboni pakati pa 0.25% ndi 0.50%, kuphimba kapena kuyeretsa kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yokonzekera kutentha.
③Pa chitsulo chapakati mpaka chapamwamba chokhala ndi mpweya wa kaboni pakati pa 0.50% ndi 0.75%, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito annealing yonse.
④Kwa okwera kwambirichitsulo cha kabonindi mpweya wochuluka kuposa 0.75%, normalizing imagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kuchotsa netiweki ya Fe₃C, kutsatiridwa ndi spheroidizing annealing.
Kuzimitsa ndi Kutenthetsa Chitsulo
A. Kuzimitsa
1. Tanthauzo la Kuzimitsa: Kuzimitsa kumaphatikizapo kutentha chitsulo kufika kutentha kwina pamwamba pa Ac₃ kapena Ac₁ point, kuchisunga kutentha kumeneko, kenako kuchiziziritsa pa liwiro lalikulu kuposa liwiro lozizira lofunikira kuti apange martensite.
2. Cholinga cha Kuzimitsa: Cholinga chachikulu ndikupeza martensite (kapena nthawi zina bainite yotsika) kuti chitsulo chikhale cholimba komanso chosatha kuuma. Kuzimitsa ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yochizira kutentha kwa chitsulo.
3. Kudziwa Kutentha Kozimitsa kwa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zitsulo
Chitsulo cha Hypoeutectoid: Ac₃ + 30°C mpaka 50°C
Chitsulo cha Eutectoid ndi Hypereutectoid: Ac₁ + 30°C mpaka 50°C
Chitsulo cha Alloy: 50°C mpaka 100°C pamwamba pa kutentha kofunikira
4. Makhalidwe Oziziritsira a Chotsukira Chabwino:
Kuziziritsa Pang'onopang'ono Kutentha kwa "Mphuno" Kusanafike: Kuchepetsa mokwanira kutentha.
Kutentha Kwambiri Kozizira Pafupi ndi "Mphuno": Kupewa kupangika kwa zinthu zosakhudzana ndi martensitic.
Kuziziritsa Pang'onopang'ono Pafupi ndi M₅ Point: Kuchepetsa kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa martensitic.
5. Njira Zozimitsira ndi Makhalidwe Awo:
①Kuzimitsa Kosavuta: Kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo koyenera ntchito zazing'ono, zooneka ngati zosavuta. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kamene kamachokera ndi martensite (M).
②Kuzimitsa Kawiri: Kovuta kwambiri komanso kovuta kulamulira, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zooneka ngati kaboni wambiri komanso zitsulo zazikulu zosakanikirana. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kamene kamachokera ndi martensite (M).
③Kuzimitsa Kosweka: Njira yovuta kwambiri, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zazikulu, zooneka ngati zitsulo za alloy. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kamene kamachokera ndi martensite (M).
④Kuzimitsa kwa Isothermal: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zazing'ono, zooneka ngati zovuta zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kamene kamachokera ndi lower bainite (B).
6. Zinthu Zokhudza Kulimba kwa Zinthu
Mlingo wa kulimba umadalira kukhazikika kwa austenite yoziziritsidwa kwambiri mu chitsulo. Kukhazikika kwa austenite yoziziritsidwa kwambiri, kulimba kwake kumakhala bwino, ndipo mosemphanitsa.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kukhazikika kwa Supercooled Austenite:
Malo a C-Curve: Ngati C-curve isunthira kumanja, liwiro lozizira kwambiri lozimitsa limachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulimba kukhale bwino.
Mapeto Ofunika:
Chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimasuntha C-curve kumanja chimawonjezera kulimba kwa chitsulocho.
Chinthu Chachikulu:
Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala: Kupatula cobalt (Co), zinthu zonse zosakaniza zomwe zimasungunuka mu austenite zimawonjezera kulimba.
Kaboni ikayandikira kwambiri kapangidwe ka eutectoid mu chitsulo cha kaboni, C-curve imasunthira kumanja, ndipo kulimba kwake kumakwera.
7. Kutsimikiza ndi Kuyimira Kulimba
①Mayeso Oletsa Kulimba: Kulimba kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera yomaliza.
②Njira Yoyesera Kuzimitsa Yofunika Kwambiri: Chigawo cha chitsulo chozama kwambiri (D₀) chikuyimira chiwaya chachikulu kwambiri cha chitsulo chomwe chingaumitsidwe kwathunthu mu chipangizo china choyeretsera.
B. Kuchepetsa
1. Tanthauzo la Kuyesa
Kutenthetsa ndi njira yochiritsira kutentha komwe chitsulo chozimitsidwa chimatenthedwanso kutentha komwe kuli pansi pa A₁ point, kusungidwa kutentha komweko, kenako nkuziziritsidwa kutentha kwa chipinda.
2. Cholinga cha Kuchepetsa Kuopsa
Kuchepetsa kapena Kuthetsa Kupsinjika Kotsalira: Kumaletsa kusinthika kapena kusweka kwa chogwirira ntchito.
Chepetsani kapena Kuchotsa Zotsalira za Austenite: Zimakhazikitsa miyeso ya workpiece.
Kuchotsa Kusalimba kwa Chitsulo Chozimitsidwa: Kumasintha kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe ake kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za ntchitoyo.
Chofunika Kwambiri: Chitsulo chiyenera kutenthedwa mwamsanga chikatha kuzimitsidwa.
3. Njira Zochepetsera Kupsinjika
1. Kuchepetsa Kupsinjika
Cholinga: Kuchepetsa kupsinjika, kulimbitsa kulimba kwa ntchito, ndikukwaniritsa kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana kuvala.
Kutentha: 150°C ~ 250°C.
Magwiridwe antchito: Kulimba: HRC 58 ~ 64. Kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana kuvala.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Zida, nkhungu, mabearing, ziwalo zosungunuka, ndi zinthu zouma pamwamba.
2. Kutenthetsa Kwambiri
Cholinga: Kupeza kulimba kwakukulu pamodzi ndi mphamvu ndi kuuma kokwanira.
Kutentha: 500°C ~ 600°C.
Magwiridwe antchito: Kulimba: HRC 25 ~ 35. Makhalidwe abwino a makina onse.
Kugwiritsa ntchito: Ma shaft, magiya, ndodo zolumikizira, ndi zina zotero.
Kuyeretsa Kutentha
Tanthauzo: Kuzimitsa kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha kwambiri kumatchedwa kuyeretsa kutentha, kapena kungotenthetsa. Chitsulo chokonzedwa ndi njirayi chimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Ⅳ.Kuchiza Kutentha kwa Chitsulo Pamwamba
A. Kuzimitsa Zitsulo Pamwamba
1. Tanthauzo la Kuuma kwa Malo Ozungulira
Kulimitsa pamwamba ndi njira yochizira kutentha yomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbitsa pamwamba pa chinthu chogwirira ntchito pochitenthetsa mofulumira kuti chisinthe pamwamba kukhala austenite kenako nkuziziritsa mwachangu. Njirayi imachitika popanda kusintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo kapena kapangidwe kake ka mkati mwa chinthucho.
2. Zipangizo Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Polimbitsa Pansi ndi Kapangidwe Kouma Pambuyo Polimbitsa
Zipangizo Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Polimbitsa Pansi
Zipangizo Zachizolowezi: Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chapakati cha aloyi ya kaboni.
Kuchiza Asanayambe: Njira Yachizolowezi: Kuchepetsa. Ngati makhalidwe apakati si ofunika kwambiri, kubwezeretsanso kungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwake.
Kapangidwe ka Pambuyo pa Kuumitsa
Kapangidwe ka Pamwamba: Pamwamba nthawi zambiri pamakhala kapangidwe kolimba monga martensite kapena bainite, komwe kumapereka kuuma kwakukulu komanso kukana kukalamba.
Kapangidwe ka Pakati: Pakati pa chitsulo nthawi zambiri pamakhalabe kapangidwe kake koyambirira, monga pearlite kapena momwe chimakhalira chofewa, kutengera njira yokonzekera isanayambe komanso mawonekedwe a zinthu zoyambira. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti pakati pa chitsulocho pamakhalabe kulimba komanso mphamvu zabwino.
B. Makhalidwe a kuuma kwa pamwamba pa induction
1. Kutentha Kwambiri ndi Kukwera Kwachangu kwa Kutentha: Kulimbitsa pamwamba pa chinthu choyambitsa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumafuna kutentha kwambiri komanso kutentha mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kutenthe mwachangu mkati mwa nthawi yochepa.
2. Kapangidwe ka Tinthu Tabwino ta Austenite Pamwamba pa Gawo: Pa kutentha mwachangu komanso njira yozimitsira pambuyo pake, gawo la pamwamba limapanga tinthu tabwino ta austenite. Pambuyo pozimitsa, pamwamba pake pamakhala tinthu tabwino ta martensite, tomwe nthawi zambiri timalimba ndi 2-3 HRC kuposa kuzimitsa kwachizolowezi.
3. Ubwino Wabwino Pamwamba: Chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa yotenthetsera, pamwamba pa workpiece sipadzakhala kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka, ndipo kusintha komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuzimitsa kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pakhale pabwino.
4. Mphamvu Yotopa Kwambiri: Kusintha kwa gawo la martensitic pamwamba pa chinthucho kumabweretsa kupsinjika, komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu yotopa ya chinthucho.
5. Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri Pakupanga: Kulimbitsa pamwamba pa chinthu choyambitsa zinthu ndikoyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
C. Kusankha mankhwala ochiritsira kutentha kwa mankhwala
Kukonza Carburizing, Kukonza Carburizing, Kukonza Carburizing, Kukonza Chromizing, Kukonza Siliconizing, Kukonza Siliconizing, Kukonza Carbonitriding, Kukonza Borocarburizing
D.Gas Carburizing
Kupaka mafuta m'gasi ndi njira yomwe chogwirira ntchito chimayikidwa mu ng'anjo yotsekedwa ya gasi ndikutenthedwa kutentha komwe kumasintha chitsulo kukhala austenite. Kenako, chogwirira ntchito cha carburizing chimalowetsedwa mu ng'anjo, kapena mlengalenga wa carburizing umalowetsedwa mwachindunji, zomwe zimathandiza maatomu a kaboni kufalikira pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito. Njirayi imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kaboni (wc%) pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito.
√Zothandizira Kukonza Kabudula:
•Mipweya yochuluka mu mpweya: Monga mpweya wa malasha, mpweya wa petroleum wosungunuka (LPG), ndi zina zotero.
•Zakumwa Zachilengedwe: Monga mafuta a palafini, methanol, benzene, ndi zina zotero.
√Magawo a Njira Yopangira Carburizing:
•Kutentha kwa Carburizing: 920~950°C.
•Nthawi Yopangira Carburing: Zimatengera kuzama komwe mukufuna kwa gawo lopangira carburing ndi kutentha kwa carburing.
Chithandizo cha E. Kutentha Pambuyo pa Carburizing
Chitsulo chiyenera kutenthedwa chikatha kutenthedwa.
Njira Yothandizira Kutentha Pambuyo pa Carburizing:
Kuzimitsa + Kuchepetsa Kutentha Kwambiri
1. Kuzimitsa Molunjika Pambuyo Poziziritsa + Kuzimitsa Kutentha Kochepa: Chogwirira ntchito chimaziziritsidwa kale kuchokera kutentha kwa carburizing mpaka pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ar₁ pakati kenako chimazimitsidwa nthawi yomweyo, kutsatiridwa ndi kuziziritsa kutentha kotsika pa 160 ~ 180°C.
2. Kuzimitsa Kamodzi Pambuyo Poziziritsa + Kuzimitsa Kotsika: Pambuyo poziziritsa, chogwirira ntchito chimaziziritsidwa pang'onopang'ono kutentha kwa chipinda, kenako chimatenthedwanso kuti chizimitse ndi kuziziritsa kutentha kochepa.
3. Kuzimitsa Kawiri Pambuyo Poziziritsa + Kuzimitsa Kotsika: Pambuyo poziziritsa ndi kuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono, chogwirira ntchitocho chimadutsa magawo awiri a kutentha ndi kuzimitsa, kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha kotsika.
Ⅴ. Mankhwala Okhudza Kutentha kwa Zitsulo
1. Tanthauzo la Mankhwala Otentha
Chithandizo cha kutentha kwa mankhwala ndi njira yochizira kutentha komwe chogwirira ntchito chachitsulo chimayikidwa mu chogwirira ntchito china chake, chotenthedwa, ndikusungidwa kutentha, zomwe zimathandiza maatomu ogwira ntchito mu chogwirira ntchitocho kuti afalikire pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchitocho. Izi zimasintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kapangidwe kake ka pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchitocho, motero zimasintha mawonekedwe ake.
2. Njira Yoyambira Yothandizira Kutentha kwa Mankhwala
Kuwola: Pa kutentha, chogwirira ntchito chimawola, ndikutulutsa maatomu ogwira ntchito.
Kuyamwa: Maatomu ogwira ntchito amayamwa pamwamba pa chitsulocho ndipo amasungunuka mu yankho lolimba la chitsulocho.
Kufalikira: Maatomu ogwira ntchito omwe amatengedwa ndi kusungunuka pamwamba pa chitsulocho amasamukira mkati.
Mitundu ya Kulimbitsa Pansi pa Induction
a. Kutentha Kwambiri Kwambiri
Mafupipafupi a Pakali pano: 250 ~ 300 kHz.
Kuzama kwa Gawo Lolimba: 0.5 ~ 2.0 mm.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Magiya apakati ndi ang'onoang'ono a module ndi ma shaft ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakati.
b. Kutentha kwapakati pa Frequency Induction
Mafupipafupi a Pakali pano: 2500 ~ 8000 kHz.
Kuzama kwa Gawo Lolimba: 2 ~ 10 mm.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Mipando ikuluikulu ndi magiya akuluakulu mpaka apakati.
c. Mphamvu-Mafupipafupi Kupereka Mphamvu Kutentha
Mafupipafupi a Pakali pano: 50 Hz.
Kuzama kwa Gawo Lolimba: 10 ~ 15 mm.
Ntchito: Ma workpiece omwe amafuna wosanjikiza wolimba kwambiri.
3. Kulimbitsa Malo Opangira Zinthu Zo ...
Mfundo Yoyambira Yolimbitsa Malo Opangira Zinthu Zopangira Zinthu
Zotsatira za Khungu:
Pamene mphamvu yosinthira mu coil yolowetsa imayambitsa mphamvu pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito, mphamvu yambiri yoyambitsa imakhala yozungulira pafupi ndi pamwamba, pomwe palibe mphamvu yomwe imadutsa mkati mwa chogwirira ntchito. Chochitika ichi chimadziwika kuti zotsatira za khungu.
Mfundo Yothandizira Kulimbitsa Pansi pa Induction:
Kutengera ndi momwe khungu limakhudzira, pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito chimatenthedwa mofulumira kufika kutentha kowonjezereka (kukwera kufika pa 800 ~ 1000°C m'masekondi ochepa), pomwe mkati mwa chogwirira ntchito chimakhalabe chosatenthedwa. Kenako chogwirira ntchito chimaziziritsidwa ndi kupopera madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pake pakhale polimba.
4. Kusalimba mtima
Kuchepetsa Kufooka mu Chitsulo Chozimitsidwa
Kufooka kwa chitsulo chozimitsidwa kumatanthauza vuto lomwe kulimba kwa chitsulo chozimitsidwa kumachepa kwambiri chikazimitsidwa kutentha kwina.
Mtundu Woyamba wa Kufooka kwa Thupi
Kutentha kwapakati: 250°C mpaka 350°C.
Makhalidwe: Ngati chitsulo chozimitsidwa chikhala chofewa mkati mwa kutentha kumeneku, pali mwayi waukulu woti chikhale ndi kufooka kwa mtundu uwu wa kufewa, komwe sikungatheke.
Yankho: Pewani kutenthetsa chitsulo chozimitsidwa mkati mwa kutentha kumeneku.
Mtundu woyamba wa kufooka kwa kutentha umadziwikanso kuti kufooka kwa kutentha kochepa kapena kufooka kwa kutentha kosasinthika.
Ⅵ. Kuchepetsa kutentha
1. Kutenthetsa ndi njira yomaliza yochiritsira kutentha yomwe imatsatira kuzimitsidwa.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Zitsulo Zozimitsidwa Zimafunika Kutenthedwa?
Kapangidwe Kakang'ono Pambuyo Pozimitsa: Pambuyo pozimitsa, kapangidwe kakang'ono ka chitsulo nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi martensite ndi austenite yotsalira. Zonsezi ndi magawo okhazikika ndipo zimasinthika pansi pa mikhalidwe ina.
Kapangidwe ka Martensite: Martensite imadziwika ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kufooka kwambiri (makamaka mu martensite yokhala ndi singano ya kaboni yambiri), yomwe siyikwaniritsa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zambiri.
Makhalidwe a Kusintha kwa Martensitic: Kusintha kukhala martensite kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri. Pambuyo pozimitsa, chogwirira ntchito chimakhala ndi zotsalira zamkati zomwe zingayambitse kusintha kapena kusweka.
Pomaliza: Chogwirira ntchito sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo mutachizimitsa! Kutenthetsa ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwamkati ndikuwonjezera kulimba kwa chogwirira ntchito, ndikuchipangitsa kukhala choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
2. Kusiyana Pakati pa Kulimba ndi Kulimba:
Kulimba:
Kulimba kumatanthauza kuthekera kwa chitsulo kufika pa kuzama kwina kwa kuuma (kuya kwa wosanjikiza wolimba) pambuyo pozimitsa. Zimatengera kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka chitsulocho, makamaka zinthu zomwe zimapanga alloy ndi mtundu wa chitsulocho. Kulimba ndi muyeso wa momwe chitsulocho chingalimbitsire mkati mwa makulidwe ake panthawi yozimitsa.
Kulimba (Kulimba Mphamvu):
Kuuma, kapena mphamvu yolimba, kumatanthauza kuuma kwakukulu komwe kungapezeke mu chitsulo chikatha kuzimitsidwa. Kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kaboni m'chitsulocho. Kuchuluka kwa kaboni nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuuma kwakukulu, koma izi zitha kuchepetsedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga chitsulocho komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira yozimitsira.
3. Kulimba kwa Chitsulo
√Lingaliro la Kulimba
Kulimba kumatanthauza kuthekera kwa chitsulo kukwaniritsa kuuma kwa martensitic pambuyo pozimitsa kuchokera kutentha kwa austenitizing. Mwachidule, ndi kuthekera kwa chitsulo kupanga martensite panthawi yozimitsa.
Kuyeza Kulimba
Kukula kwa kulimba kumawonetsedwa ndi kuya kwa wosanjikiza wolimba womwe wapezeka pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake pambuyo pozimitsa.
Kuzama kwa Gawo Lolimba: Uku ndi kuzama kuchokera pamwamba pa workpiece kupita kudera lomwe kapangidwe kake kali theka la martensite.
Zofalitsa Zodziwika Bwino Zozimitsa:
• Madzi
Makhalidwe: Yotsika mtengo komanso imatha kuziziritsa kwambiri, koma imakhala ndi kuzizira kwambiri pafupi ndi malo otentha, zomwe zingayambitse kuzizira kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsulo za kaboni.
Madzi a Mchere: Yankho la mchere kapena alkali m'madzi, lomwe limakhala ndi mphamvu yoziziritsira kwambiri kutentha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale loyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za kaboni.
• Mafuta
Makhalidwe: Amapereka kuzizira pang'onopang'ono pa kutentha kochepa (pafupi ndi kutentha kotentha), zomwe zimachepetsa chizolowezi cha kusintha ndi kusweka, koma ali ndi mphamvu yochepa yoziziritsira pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Koyenera zitsulo za alloy.
Mitundu: Ikuphatikizapo mafuta oziziritsa, mafuta a makina, ndi mafuta a dizilo.
Nthawi Yotenthetsera
Nthawi yotenthetsera imakhala ndi kutentha komwe kumatengedwa (nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti ifike kutentha komwe mukufuna) komanso nthawi yosungira (nthawi yomwe imasungidwa kutentha komwe mukufuna).
Mfundo Zodziwira Nthawi Yotenthetsera: Onetsetsani kuti kutentha kumagawidwa mofanana pa ntchito yonse, mkati ndi kunja.
Onetsetsani kuti austenitization yonse ndi kuti austenite yopangidwa ndi yofanana komanso yabwino.
Maziko Odziwira Nthawi Yotenthetsera: Kawirikawiri imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera kapena kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mu kuyesera.
Kuzimitsa Zida Zamagetsi
Mbali Ziwiri Zofunika:
a. Kuzizira Kwambiri: Kuzizira kwambiri kumalimbikitsa kupangika kwa martensite.
b. Kupsinjika Kotsalira: Kuzizira kwambiri kumawonjezera kupsinjika kotsalira, zomwe zingayambitse chizolowezi chachikulu cha kusintha ndi kusweka kwa ntchito.
Ⅶ. Kusinthasintha
1. Tanthauzo la Kubwezeretsa Zinthu Mwachizolowezi
Kusinthasintha ndi njira yochizira kutentha komwe chitsulo chimatenthedwa kufika kutentha kwa 30°C mpaka 50°C pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ac3, kusungidwa kutentha komweko, kenako kuziziritsidwa ndi mpweya kuti chikhale ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono pafupi ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Poyerekeza ndi kusungunuka, kusinthasintha kumakhala ndi liwiro lozizira mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka pearlite (P) kakhale kofewa komanso kolimba komanso kolimba.
2. Cholinga cha Kubwezeretsa Zinthu Mwachizolowezi
Cholinga cha normalizing ndi chofanana ndi cha annealing.
3. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kubwezeretsa Zinthu Mwachizolowezi
• Chotsani simenti yachiwiri yolumikizidwa ndi netiweki.
• Imagwira ntchito ngati mankhwala omaliza otenthetsera ziwalo zomwe zili ndi zosowa zochepa.
•Imagwira ntchito ngati njira yokonzekera kutentha kwa chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mpweya wochepa komanso wapakati kuti makina azigwira ntchito bwino.
4. Mitundu ya Annealing
Mtundu Woyamba wa Annealing:
Cholinga ndi Ntchito: Cholinga si kuyambitsa kusintha kwa gawo koma kusintha chitsulo kuchoka pa mkhalidwe wosalinganika kupita ku mkhalidwe wolinganika.
Mitundu:
•Kusakaniza kwa Diffusion: Cholinga chake ndi kugawa zinthuzo m'njira imodzi mwa kuchotsa kulekanitsa.
•Kubwezeretsanso kristalo Kubwezeretsanso: Kubwezeretsa mphamvu mwa kuchotsa zotsatira za kuuma kwa ntchito.
•Kuchepetsa Kupsinjika Maganizo: Kumachepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati popanda kusintha kapangidwe kake.
Mtundu Wachiwiri wa Annealing:
Cholinga ndi Ntchito: Cholinga chake ndi kusintha kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ndi makhalidwe ake, kuti pakhale kapangidwe kakang'ono kolamulidwa ndi ngale. Mtundu uwu umathandizanso kuti kufalikira ndi mawonekedwe a ngale, ferrite, ndi carbides zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake.
Mitundu:
•Kuthira Konse: Kumatenthetsa chitsulocho pamwamba pa kutentha kwa Ac3 kenako kumachiziziritsa pang'onopang'ono kuti chipange kapangidwe kofanana ka pearlite.
•Kusakwanira kuyika chitsulo: Kumatenthetsa chitsulo pakati pa kutentha kwa Ac1 ndi Ac3 kuti chisinthe pang'ono kapangidwe kake.
•Kutentha kwa Isothermal: Kumatenthetsa chitsulocho pamwamba pa Ac3, kutsatiridwa ndi kuzizira mofulumira mpaka kutentha kwa isothermal ndikuchigwira kuti chikwaniritse kapangidwe komwe mukufuna.
•Kupanga ma spheroiding annealing: Kumapanga kapangidwe ka spheroidal carbide, komwe kumawonjezera luso la makina ndi kulimba.
Ⅷ.1. Tanthauzo la Kutentha
Kuchiza kutentha kumatanthauza njira imene chitsulo chimatenthedwa, kusungidwa pa kutentha kwinakwake, kenako nkuzizidwa chikakhala cholimba kuti chisinthe kapangidwe kake kamkati ndi kapangidwe kake, potero chimakwaniritsa zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa.
2. Makhalidwe a Kutentha
Kuchiza kutentha sikusintha mawonekedwe a workpiece; m'malo mwake, kumasintha kapangidwe ka mkati ndi kapangidwe ka chitsulo, zomwe zimasinthanso mawonekedwe a chitsulocho.
3. Cholinga cha Kutentha
Cholinga cha chithandizo cha kutentha ndikuwongolera mphamvu zamakina kapena zogwirira ntchito za chitsulo (kapena zogwirira ntchito), kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya chitsulocho, kukulitsa ubwino wa chogwirira ntchitocho, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yake yogwirira ntchito.
4. Mapeto Ofunika
Kaya makhalidwe a chinthu angathe kukonzedwa kudzera mu kutentha kumadalira kwambiri ngati pali kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake panthawi yotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-19-2024