Ⅰ. Ingcamango esisiseko yonyango lobushushu.
A. Ingcamango esisiseko yonyango lobushushu.
Izinto ezisisiseko kunye nemisebenzi yeunyango lobushushu:
1. Ukufudumeza
Injongo kukufumana isakhiwo esifanayo nesincinci se-austenite.
2. Ukubamba
Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba into yokusebenza ishushu kakuhle kwaye kuthintelwe ukubola kwekhabhohayidreyithi kunye nokubola kwayo.
3.Ukupholisa
Injongo kukuguqula i-austenite ibe zii-microstructures ezahlukeneyo.
Izakhiwo ezincinci emva koNyango lobushushu
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa emva kokufudumeza nokubamba, i-austenite iguquka ibe zii-microstructures ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya sokupholisa. Ii-microstructures ezahlukeneyo zibonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo.
B. Ingcamango esisiseko yonyango lobushushu.
Ulwahlulo olusekelwe kwiindlela zokufudumeza nokuphola, kunye nesakhiwo esincinci kunye neepropati zentsimbi
1. Unyango lobushushu oluQhelekileyo (Unyango lobushushu ngokubanzi): Ukushisa, ukuNciphisa, ukuLungelelanisa, ukucima
2. Unyango lobushushu bomphezulu: Ukucima umphezulu, Ukucima umphezulu wokufudumala, Ukucima umphezulu wokufudumala ngamalangatye, Ukucima umphezulu wokufudumala ngombane.
3. Unyango lobushushu beChemical: I-Carburizing, i-Nitriding, i-Carbonitriding.
4. Ezinye iindlela zoNyango loBushushu: Unyango loBushushu oluLawulwayo lwe-Atmosphere, Unyango loBushushu lweVacuum, Unyango loBushushu boBushushu obuGuqukileyo.
C. Ubushushu obubalulekileyo beentsimbi
Ubushushu botshintsho olubalulekileyo lwentsimbi sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokumisela iinkqubo zokufudumeza, zokubamba, kunye nokuphola ngexesha lonyango lobushushu. Bumiselwa ngumzobo wesigaba sesinyithi-ikhabhoni.
Isiphelo esiPhambili:Ubushushu bokwenyani bokuguqulwa kwentsimbi buhlala busilele emva kobushushu bokuguqulwa kwethiyori. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ubushushu obugqithisileyo ngexesha lokufudumeza, kwaye ukupholisa ngaphantsi kuyimfuneko ngexesha lokuphola.
Ⅱ. Ukunciphisa kunye nokulungisa intsimbi
1. Inkcazo ye-Annealing
Ukuqhoboshela intsimbi kuquka ukufudumeza intsimbi ukuya kubushushu obungaphezulu okanye obungaphantsi kweyona ndawo ibalulekileyo i-Ac₁ iyibambe kuloo bushushu, uze uyipholise kancinci, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo, ukuze kufumaneke isakhiwo esikufutshane nokulingana.
2. Injongo yoKutsalwa kweNtlanzi
①Lungisa Ubulukhuni boMatshini: Ukufikelela kubulukhuni obusebenzisekayo kuluhlu lwe-HB170 ~ 230.
②Nciphisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo: Ithintela ukuguquka okanye ukuqhekeka ngexesha leenkqubo ezilandelayo.
③Ukulungisa ulwakhiwo lweenkozo: Kuphucula ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure.
④Ukulungiselela Unyango Lokugqibela Lobushushu: Ifumana i-pearlite eneziqwenga (ezinobuqhophololo) ukuze icinezelwe kwaye ifudumale emva koko.
3. Ukutsalwa kwe-Spheroidizing
Iinkcukacha zeNkqubo: Ubushushu bokufudumeza bukufutshane ne-Ac₁ point.
Injongo: Ukufaka i-spheroid kwi-cementite okanye ii-carbides kwintsimbi, nto leyo ephumela kwi-granular (spheroidized) pearlite.
Uluhlu Olusebenzayo: Lusetyenziswa kwiintsimbi ezinee-eutectoid kunye nee-hypereutectoid compositions.
4. Ukusasaza i-Annealing (Ukudibanisa i-Annealing)
Iinkcukacha zeNkqubo: Ubushushu bokufudumeza bungaphantsi kancinci komgca we-solvus kumzobo wesigaba.
Injongo: Ukuphelisa ukwahlukana.
①Ngexabiso eliphantsiintsimbi yekhabhonixa umxholo wekhabhoni ungaphantsi kwe-0.25%, ukulungelelanisa kukhethwa kunokunyusa njengonyango lobushushu olulungiselelayo.
②Kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi enomxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi kwe-0.25% kunye ne-0.50%, nokuba kukufakwa okanye ukuhlengahlengiswa kungasetyenziswa njengonyango lokulungiselela ubushushu.
③Kwintsimbi ephakathi ukuya kwephezulu yekhabhoni enomxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi kwe-0.50% kunye ne-0.75%, kucetyiswa ukuba kufakwe i-annealing epheleleyo.
④Ngexabiso eliphezuluintsimbi yekhabhonixa umxholo wekhabhoni ungaphezulu kwe-0.75%, ukulungelelanisa kuqala kusetyenziswa ukususa inethiwekhi ye-Fe₃C, kulandele i-spheroidizing annealing.
Ⅲ. Ukucima kunye nokulungisa intsimbi
A. Ukucima
1. Inkcazo yokucima: Ukucima kubandakanya ukufudumeza intsimbi ukuya kubushushu obuthile obungaphezulu kwe-Ac₃ okanye i-Ac₁ point, uyibambe kuloo bushushu, uze uyipholise ngesantya esiphezulu kuneso sokupholisa esibalulekileyo ukuze wenze i-martensite.
2. Injongo Yokucima: Injongo ephambili kukufumana i-martensite (okanye ngamanye amaxesha i-bainite ephantsi) ukwandisa ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwentsimbi. Ukucima yenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zonyango lobushushu kwintsimbi.
3. Ukuchonga amaqondo obushushu okucima kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi
Intsimbi yeHypoeutectoid: Ac₃ + 30°C ukuya kuma-50°C
Intsimbi ye-Eutectoid kunye ne-Hypereutectoid: Ac₁ + 30°C ukuya kuma-50°C
Intsimbi ye-Alloy: 50°C ukuya kwi-100°C ngaphezu kobushushu obubalulekileyo
4. Iimpawu zokupholisa zeSixima esiLungileyo:
Ukuphola Kancinci Ngaphambi Kokuba "Impumlo" Ubushushu: Ukunciphisa ngokwaneleyo uxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ubushushu obuphezulu bokuPholisa obukufutshane "neMpumlo": Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezingezizo ezemartensitic.
Ukupholisa Kancinci Kufuphi ne-M₅ Point: Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuguqulwa kwe-martensitic.
5. Iindlela zokucima kunye neempawu zazo:
①Ukucima okulula: Kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ifanelekile kwizinto zokusebenza ezincinci nezimile okwesimboli. Isakhiwo esincinci esiphumayo yi-martensite (M).
②Ukucima kabini: Kunzima ngakumbi kwaye kunzima ukulawula, kusetyenziswa izinto zokusebenza zentsimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu kunye neentsimbi ezinkulu ze-alloy. Isakhiwo esincinci esiphumayo yi-martensite (M).
③Ukucinywa Okuphukileyo: Inkqubo enzima ngakumbi, esetyenziselwa izinto zokusebenza zentsimbi ezinkulu, ezimile okwe-alloy. Isakhiwo esincinci esiphumayo yi-martensite (M).
④Ukucima i-Isothermal: Isetyenziselwa izinto zokusebenza ezincinci, ezimile okwentsonkothileyo ezineemfuno eziphezulu. Isakhiwo esincinci esiphumayo si-bainite esezantsi (B).
6. Izinto ezichaphazela ukuqina
Inqanaba lokuqina lixhomekeke ekuzinzeni kwe-austenite epholileyo kakhulu kwintsimbi. Okukhona uzinzo lwe-austenite epholileyo kakhulu luphezulu, kokukhona ukuqina kwayo kuphezulu, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo.
Izinto Ezichaphazela Uzinzo lwe-Supercooled Austenite:
Indawo yeC-Curve: Ukuba i-C-curve itshintshela ngasekunene, izinga lokupholisa elibalulekileyo lokucima liyancipha, nto leyo ephucula ukuqina kwayo.
Isiphelo esiPhambili:
Nasiphi na isiza esitshintsha i-C-curve siye ngasekunene sonyusa ukuqina kwentsimbi.
Eyona nto iphambili:
Ukwakhiwa kweeKhemikhali: Ngaphandle kwe-cobalt (Co), zonke izinto ezixutywe kwi-austenite zonyusa ukuqina.
Okukhona umxholo wekhabhoni usondelelene nokwakheka kwe-eutectoid kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, kokukhona i-C-curve itshintshela ngasekunene, kwaye kokukhona ukuqina kwayo kuphezulu.
7. Ukuzimisela kunye nokuMelelwa koBulukhuni
①Uvavanyo Lokuqina Kokucima Ukucima: Ukuqina kulinganiswa kusetyenziswa indlela yovavanyo lokucima ukucima ukucima.
②Indlela yoBude beCritical Quench: Ububanzi becritical quench (D₀) bumele ubukhulu bentsimbi obunokuqina ngokupheleleyo kwindawo ethile yokucima.
B. Ukulinganisela
1. Inkcazo ye-Tempering
Ukushisa yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu apho intsimbi ecinyiweyo iphinda ifudunyezwe ukuya kubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-A₁ point, igcinwe kuloo bushushu, ize ipholiswe ukuya kubushushu begumbi.
2. Injongo Yokuthomalalisa
Nciphisa okanye Ususe Uxinzelelo Olushiyekileyo: Ithintela ukuguquka okanye ukuqhekeka kwesixhobo somsebenzi.
Nciphisa okanye Ususe i-Austenite eseleyo: Izinzisa ubukhulu bento yokusebenza.
Ukuphelisa ukubhitya kwentsimbi ecinyiweyo: Ulungisa ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure kunye neempawu ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zomsebenzi.
Inqaku Elibalulekileyo: Intsimbi kufuneka ithambe ngokukhawuleza emva kokucima.
3. Iinkqubo zokuLungisa
1. Ubushushu obuphantsi
Injongo: Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokucima, ukuphucula ukuqina kwesixhobo somsebenzi, kunye nokufezekisa ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Ubushushu: 150°C ~ 250°C.
Ukusebenza: Ubunzima: HRC 58 ~ 64. Ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Izixhobo: Izixhobo, iimolds, iibheringi, iindawo ezifakwe i-carburing, kunye nezinto eziqiniswe ngumphezulu.
2. Ubushushu obuphezulu
Injongo: Ukufikelela kubunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla aneleyo kunye nobunzima.
Ubushushu: 500°C ~ 600°C.
Ukusebenza: Ukuqina: HRC 25 ~ 35. Iipropati ezilungileyo zoomatshini ngokubanzi.
Izicelo: Iishafts, iigiya, iintonga zokudibanisa, njl.
Ukucocwa kobushushu
Inkcazo: Ukucima okulandelwa kukufudumala okuphezulu kubizwa ngokuba kukucoca ngobushushu, okanye ukufudumala nje. Intsimbi ephathwa ngale nkqubo isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ⅳ. Unyango lobushushu bomphezulu wentsimbi
A. Ukucima umphezulu weentsimbi
1. Inkcazelo yoKuqiniswa komphezulu
Ukuqina komphezulu yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu eyenzelwe ukuqinisa umaleko womphezulu wento yokusebenza ngokuyifudumeza ngokukhawuleza ukuguqula umaleko womphezulu ube yi-austenite uze uyipholise ngokukhawuleza. Le nkqubo yenziwa ngaphandle kokutshintsha ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zentsimbi okanye ulwakhiwo oluphambili lwento.
2. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisa umphezulu kunye nolwakhiwo emva kokuqinisa
Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisa umphezulu
Izinto eziqhelekileyo: Intsimbi ye-carbon ephakathi kunye nentsimbi ye-carbon alloy ephakathi.
Ngaphambi Konyango: Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo: Ukulinganisela. Ukuba iipropati eziphambili azibalulekanga, ukulungelelanisa kunokusetyenziswa endaweni yoko.
Ulwakhiwo Emva Kokuqina
Ulwakhiwo Lomphezulu: Umaleko womphezulu uhlala wenza isakhiwo esiqinileyo njenge-martensite okanye i-bainite, esinika ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Ulwakhiwo oluPhambili: Umbindi wentsimbi uhlala ugcina isakhiwo sawo sokuqala, njenge-pearlite okanye imeko yobushushu, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yangaphambi konyango kunye neempawu zezinto ezisisiseko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umbindi ugcina ukuqina kunye namandla amahle.
B. Iimpawu zokuqina komphezulu we-induction
1. Ubushushu obuphezulu bokuFudumeza kunye nokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kobushushu: Ukuqina komphezulu wokungenisa umoya kudla ngokubandakanya amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okufudumeza kunye namazinga okufudumeza ngokukhawuleza, okuvumela ukufudumeza ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane.
2. Ulwakhiwo lweenkozo ze-Austenite eziLungileyo kuMaleko woMphezulu: Ngexesha lokufudumeza ngokukhawuleza kunye nenkqubo yokucima elandelayo, umaleko womphezulu wenza iinkozo ze-austenite ezintle. Emva kokucima, umphezulu ngokuyintloko uqulathe i-martensite entle, enobunzima obuhlala buyi-2-3 HRC ngaphezu kokucima okuqhelekileyo.
3. Umgangatho Olungileyo Womphezulu: Ngenxa yexesha elifutshane lokufudumeza, umphezulu womsebenzi awuchaphazeleki kakhulu yi-oxidation kunye ne-decarburization, kwaye ukuguquguquka okubangelwa kukucima kuyancitshiswa, okuqinisekisa umgangatho olungileyo womphezulu.
4. Amandla Okudinwa Aphezulu: Utshintsho lwesigaba se-martensitic kumaleko womphezulu luvelisa uxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo, olunyusa amandla okudinwa kwesixhobo somsebenzi.
5. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso: Ukuqina komphezulu we-induction kufanelekile kwimveliso enkulu, kubonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.
C. Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa konyango lobushushu beekhemikhali
Ukugalela iiCarburizing, Ukugalela iiCarburizing, Ukugalela iiCarburizing, Ukugalela iiChromizing, Ukugalela iiSiliconicing, Ukugalela iiSiliconicing, Ukugalela iiCarbonitriding, Ukugalela iiBorocarburizing
D. I-Carburizing yeGesi
I-Gas Carburizing yinkqubo apho i-workpiece ifakwa kwi-gas carburizing oven evaliweyo kwaye ifudunyezwe kubushushu obuguqula intsimbi ibe yi-austenite. Emva koko, i-carburizing agent ithontsizwa kwi-oven, okanye umoya we-carburizing ungeniswa ngokuthe ngqo, okuvumela ii-athomu ze-carbon ukuba zisasazeke kumaleko womphezulu we-workpiece. Le nkqubo yonyusa umxholo we-carbon (wc%) kumphezulu we-workpiece.
√Iiarhente zokufaka iikhabhoritha:
•Iigesi ezityebileyo kwikhabhoni: Ezifana negesi yamalahle, igesi yepetroleum enyibilikisiweyo (LPG), njl.
•Ulwelo lwendalo: Olufana ne-kerosene, i-methanol, i-benzene, njl.
√Iiparameter zeNkqubo yokuKhawuleza:
•Ubushushu bokuKhabharisha: 920~950°C.
•Ixesha Lokufaka I-Carburing: Kuxhomekeke kubunzulu obufunekayo bomaleko ofakelwe i-carburing kunye nobushushu bokufaka i-carburing.
Unyango lwe-E.Heat Emva kweCarburizing
Intsimbi kufuneka inyangwe ngobushushu emva kokuyitshisa nge-carburizing.
Inkqubo Yonyango Lobushushu Emva Kokugaywa Kwe-Carburizing:
√Ukucima + Ukushisa okuphantsi kobushushu
1. Ukucima ngokuthe ngqo emva kokuba kupholile ngaphambi kokuba kuphole + Ukupholisa okuphantsi kobushushu: Isixhobo somsebenzi sipholiswa kwangaphambili ukusuka kubushushu be-carburizing ukuya ngaphezulu nje kobushushu be-Ar₁ engundoqo size sicinywe ngoko nangoko, kulandele ukupholisa okuphantsi kobushushu kwi-160 ~ 180°C.
2. Ukucima kanye emva kokuba kuphole ngaphambi kokuba kuphole + Ukupholisa okuphantsi kobushushu: Emva kokuba kufakwe i-carburizing, i-workpiece ipholiswa kancinci ukuya kubushushu begumbi, ize ifudunyezwe ukuze icime kwaye ifudunyezwe kubushushu obuphantsi.
3. Ukucima kabini emva kokuba kuphole ngaphambi kokuba kuphole + Ukupholisa okuphantsi kobushushu: Emva kokuba kufakwe i-carburizing kunye nokupholisa kancinci, umsebenzi udlula kumanqanaba amabini okufudumeza kunye nokucima, kulandele ukupholisa okuphantsi kobushushu.
Ⅴ. Unyango lobushushu beentsimbi ngeekhemikhali
1. Inkcazelo yoNyango lobushushu beKhemikhali
Unyango lobushushu bekhemikhali yinkqubo yonyango lobushushu apho intsimbi ifakwa kwindawo ethile esebenzayo, ifudunyezwe, kwaye igcinwe kubushushu, ivumela iiathom ezisebenzayo kwindawo ukuba zisasazeke kumphezulu wento yokusebenza. Oku kutshintsha ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo se-microsurface yento yokusebenza, ngaloo ndlela kutshintsha iipropati zayo.
2. Inkqubo esisiseko yoNyango lobushushu beKhemikhali
Ukubola: Ngexesha lokufudumeza, i-active medium iyabola, ikhuphe ii-athomu ezisebenzayo.
Ukufunxwa: Iiathom ezisebenzayo zifunxwa ngumphezulu wentsimbi zize zinyibilike kwisisombululo esiqinileyo sentsimbi.
Ukusasazwa: Iiathom ezisebenzayo ezifunxwayo nezinyibilikisiweyo kumphezulu wentsimbi ziyafudukela ngaphakathi.
Iintlobo zoBulukhuni boMphezulu we-Induction
a.Ubushushu bokungenisa obuQhelekileyo obuphezulu
Isantya sangoku: 250~300 kHz.
Ubunzulu beLeya eQinisiweyo: 0.5~2.0 mm.
Izixhobo: Iigiya zemodyuli eziphakathi nezincinci kunye neeshafti ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi.
b.Ubushushu bokungenisa ubushushu obuphakathi
Isantya sangoku: 2500~8000 kHz.
Ubunzulu beLeya eQinisiweyo: 2 ~ 10 mm.
Ukusetyenziswa: Iishafti ezinkulu kunye neegiya zemodyuli ezinkulu ukuya kweziphakathi.
c.Ubushushu bokufudumeza amandla rhoqo
Imvamisa yangoku: 50 Hz.
Ubunzulu beLeya eQinisiweyo: 10~15 mm.
Izicelo: Izinto zokusebenza ezifuna umaleko oqinileyo kakhulu.
3. Ukuqina komphezulu we-Induction
Umgaqo oSisiseko woBulukhuni boMphezulu wokungenisa
Isiphumo Solusu:
Xa umbane otshintshanayo kwi-induction coil ubangela umbane kumphezulu wesixhobo somsebenzi, uninzi lwamandla abangelwayo luxinene kufutshane nomphezulu, ngelixa phantse kungekho mbane udlula ngaphakathi kwesixhobo somsebenzi. Le meko yaziwa ngokuba yi-skin effect.
Umgaqo woBulukhuni boMphezulu we-Induction:
Ngokusekelwe kwimpembelelo yesikhumba, umphezulu wesixhobo sokusebenza ufudunyezwa ngokukhawuleza ukuya kubushushu obuqinisayo (ukunyuka ukuya kwi-800 ~ 1000°C kwimizuzwana embalwa), ngelixa ingaphakathi lesixhobo sokusebenza lihlala lingafudunyezwanga. Emva koko isixhobo sokusebenza sipholiswa ngokutshiza ngamanzi, nto leyo eyenza umphezulu uqine.
4. Ubuthathaka bomsindo
Ukukhawuleza koBuqhophololo kwiNsimbi eCishiweyo
Ukubhitya kobushushu obuphantsi kubhekisa kwinto apho ukuqina kwempembelelo yentsimbi ecinyiweyo kuncipha kakhulu xa iqiniswa kumaqondo obushushu athile.
Uhlobo Lokuqala Lokuthamba Ubuqhophololo
Uluhlu lobushushu: 250°C ukuya kwi-350°C.
Iimpawu: Ukuba intsimbi ecinyiweyo iqiniswe ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lobushushu, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kubekho olu hlobo lobuthathaka bokuqiniseka, olungenakushenxiswa.
Isisombululo: Kuphephe ukufudumeza intsimbi ecinyiweyo ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lobushushu.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-tempering brittleness lukwaziwa ngokuba yi-low-tempering brittleness okanye i-reversible tempering brittleness.
Ⅵ. Ukulinganisela
1. Ukufudumala yinkqubo yokugqibela yonyango lobushushu elandela ukucima.
Kutheni Iintsimbi Ezicinyiweyo Zifuna Ukulungiswa?
Ulwakhiwo oluncinci emva kokucima: Emva kokucima, ulwakhiwo oluncinci lwentsimbi ludla ngokuba ne-martensite kunye ne-austenite eseleyo. Zombini ziinqanaba eziguquguqukayo kwaye ziya kutshintsha phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Iimpawu zeMartensite: IMartensite ibonakaliswa bubulukhuni obuphezulu kodwa ikwanokubuthathaka obuphezulu (ingakumbi kwimartensite efana nenaliti enekhabhoni ephezulu), engahlangabezani neemfuno zokusebenza kwezicelo ezininzi.
Iimpawu zoTshintsho lweMartensitic: Utshintsho oluya kwimartensite lwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Emva kokucima, umsebenzi uneengxaki zangaphakathi ezishiyekileyo ezinokukhokelela ekuguqukeni okanye ekuqhekekeni.
Isiphelo: Isiqwenga somsebenzi asinakusetyenziswa ngqo emva kokucima! Ukunciphisa umzimba kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nokuphucula ukuqina kwesiqwenga somsebenzi, okwenza silungele ukusetyenziswa.
2. Umahluko Phakathi koKuqiniswa kunye noKuqiniswa koMbane:
Ukuqina:
Ukuqina kubhekisa kubuchule bentsimbi bokufikelela kubunzulu obuthile bokuqina (ubunzulu bomaleko oqinisiweyo) emva kokucima. Kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo lwentsimbi, ingakumbi izinto zayo zokudibanisa kunye nohlobo lwentsimbi. Ukuqina kukulinganisa indlela intsimbi enokuqina ngayo kububanzi bayo ngexesha lenkqubo yokucima.
Ubulukhuni (Umthamo Wokuqinisa):
Ukuqina, okanye amandla okuqinisa, kubhekisa kubunzima obukhulu obunokufikelelwa kwintsimbi emva kokucima. Buchaphazeleka kakhulu ngumxholo wekhabhoni wentsimbi. Ubungakanani bekhabhoni obuphezulu bukhokelela kubunzima obuphezulu obunokubakho, kodwa oku kunokuthintelwa zizinto ezixutywa yintsimbi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokucima.
3. Ukuqina kwentsimbi
√Ingcamango yokuqina
Ukuqina kubhekisa kubuchule bentsimbi bokufikelela kubunzulu obuthile bokuqina kwe-martensitic emva kokucima kubushushu obuvumela i-austenitizing. Ngamazwi alula, kukukwazi kwentsimbi ukwenza i-martensite ngexesha lokucima.
Ukulinganiswa koBulukhuni
Ubungakanani bokuqina buboniswa bubunzulu bomaleko oqinisiweyo ofunyenwe phantsi kweemeko ezithile emva kokucima.
Ubunzulu boMaleko oQiqisiweyo: Olu bubunzulu ukusuka kumphezulu wento yokusebenza ukuya kummandla apho isakhiwo sisiqingatha se-martensite.
Imidiya Eqhelekileyo Yokucima:
•Amanzi
Iimpawu: Ixabiso liphantsi kwaye inamandla okupholisa, kodwa inezinga eliphezulu lokupholisa kufutshane nendawo yokubila, nto leyo enokubangela ukupholisa okugqithisileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa: Ngokwesiqhelo kusetyenziswa iintsimbi zekhabhoni.
Amanzi aneTyuwa: Isisombululo setyuwa okanye i-alkali emanzini, esinomthamo ophezulu wokupholisa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa namanzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiintsimbi zekhabhoni.
•Ioyile
Iimpawu: Ibonelela ngesantya sokuphola esicothayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi (kufutshane nendawo yokubila), nto leyo enciphisa ngempumelelo ukuthambekela kokuguquka nokuqhekeka, kodwa inamandla okuphola aphantsi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa: Ifanelekile kwiintsimbi ze-alloy.
Iintlobo: Ibandakanya ioyile yokucima, ioyile yomatshini, kunye nedizili.
Ixesha lokufudumeza
Ixesha lokufudumeza liquka zombini izinga lokufudumeza (ixesha elithathwayo ukufikelela kubushushu obufunekayo) kunye nexesha lokubamba (ixesha eligcinwe kubushushu obujoliswe kubo).
Imigaqo yokuMisela ixesha lokuFudumeza: Qinisekisa ukuba ubushushu busasazwa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke into yokusebenza, ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Qinisekisa ukuba i-austenitization iphelele kwaye i-austenite eyenziweyo iyafana kwaye icocekile.
Isiseko Sokumisela Ixesha Lokufudumeza: Ngokwesiqhelo kuqikelelwa kusetyenziswa iifomula ezisekelwe kwi-empirical okanye kumiselwa ngovavanyo.
Ukucima iMedia
Iinkalo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
a.Izinga Lokupholisa: Izinga eliphezulu lokupholisa likhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-martensite.
b.Uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo: Izinga eliphezulu lokupholisa linyusa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, olunokukhokelela ekutyekeleni okukhulu kokuguquguquka nokuqhekeka kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ⅶ. Ukulungisa izinto zibe zintsha
1. Inkcazelo yoLungiso-meko
Ukulungisa izinto ngokwesiqhelo yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu apho intsimbi ifudunyezwa ukuya kubushushu obungama-30°C ukuya kuma-50°C ngaphezu kobushushu be-Ac3, ibanjwe kuloo bushushu, ize ipholiswe ngumoya ukuze kufunyanwe isakhiwo esincinci esikufutshane nemeko yokulingana. Xa kuthelekiswa nokulungisa izinto ngokwesiqhelo, ukulungisa izinto ngokwesiqhelo kunesantya sokupholisa esikhawulezayo, nto leyo ebangela isakhiwo se-pearlite esicolekileyo (P) kunye namandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima.
2. Injongo yokulungisa izinto zibe zintsha
Injongo yokwenza izinto zibe ziqhelekileyo ifana neyokwenza izinto zibe zintsha.
3. Usetyenziso lwe-Normalizing
•Susa i-networked secondary cementite.
•Isebenza njengonyango lokugqibela lobushushu kwiindawo ezineemfuno eziphantsi.
•Sebenza njengonyango lokulungiselela ubushushu kwisinyithi esinekhabhoni ephantsi nephakathi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koomatshini.
4. Iintlobo ze-Annealing
Uhlobo Lokuqala Lokuncamathela:
Injongo kunye noMsebenzi: Injongo ayikokukhuthaza utshintsho lwesigaba kodwa kukuguqula intsimbi ukusuka kwimeko engalinganiyo ukuya kwimeko elinganisiweyo.
Iintlobo:
•Ukudityaniswa kwe-Diffusion: Ijolise ekuguquleni ukwakheka kube yinto enye ngokuphelisa ukwahlulwahlulwa.
•Ukuphinda kunyibilike ikristale Ukuphinda kunyibilike: Kubuyisela ukuqina ngokuphelisa iziphumo zokuqina komsebenzi.
•Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo: Kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokutshintsha isakhiwo se-microstructure.
Uhlobo lwesibini lwe-Annealing:
Injongo kunye noMsebenzi: Ijolise ekutshintsheni isakhiwo kunye neempawu, ifezekise isakhiwo esincinci esilawulwa yiperile. Olu hlobo lukwaqinisekisa ukuba ukusasazwa kunye nokwakheka kweperile, iferrite, kunye necarbides kuyahlangabezana neemfuno ezithile.
Iintlobo:
•Ukuncamathisela Okupheleleyo: Kufudumeza intsimbi ngaphezu kobushushu be-Ac3 ize emva koko ipholise kancinci ukuze ivelise isakhiwo esifanayo se-pearlite.
•Ukufakelwa okungaphelelanga: Kufudumeza intsimbi phakathi kobushushu be-Ac1 kunye ne-Ac3 ukuze kuguqulwe kancinci isakhiwo.
•I-Annealing ye-Isothermal: Ifudumeza intsimbi ibe ngaphezulu kwe-Ac3, ilandelwe kukupholisa ngokukhawuleza ukuya kubushushu obungashushu kunye nokubamba ukuze kufezekiswe isakhiwo esifunekayo.
•I-Spheroidizing Annealing: Ivelisa isakhiwo se-spheroidal carbide, iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuqina.
Ⅷ.1. Inkcazelo yoNyango loBushushu
Unyango lobushushu lubhekisa kwinkqubo apho isinyithi sifudunyezwa khona, sibanjwe kubushushu obuthile, size sipholiswe xa sikwimeko eqinileyo ukutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwaso lwangaphakathi kunye nolwakhiwo lwaso, ngaloo ndlela sifezekisa iipropati ezifunekayo.
2. Iimpawu zoNyango loBushushu
Unyango lobushushu alutshintshi imo yesixhobo sokusebenza; endaweni yoko, lutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nolwakhiwo lwentsimbi, nto leyo etshintsha iipropati zentsimbi.
3. Injongo yoNyango loBushushu
Injongo yonyango lobushushu kukuphucula iipropati zoomatshini okanye zokucubungula zentsimbi (okanye izinto zokusebenza), ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla entsimbi, ukuphucula umgangatho wento yokusebenza, kunye nokwandisa ubomi bayo benkonzo.
4. Isiphelo esiPhambili
Ukuba iimpawu zezinto zingaphuculwa ngonyango lobushushu kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni kukho utshintsho kwisakhiwo sazo kunye nesakhiwo sazo ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza nokupholisa.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-19-2024