Ⅰ. Umqondo oyisisekelo wokwelashwa kokushisa.
A. Umqondo oyisisekelo wokwelashwa kokushisa.
Izakhi eziyisisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yeukwelashwa kokushisa:
1. Ukushisa
Inhloso ukuthola isakhiwo se-austenite esifanayo nesincane.
2. Ukubamba
Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi ushiswa kahle futhi kuvinjelwe ukubola kwekhabhoni kanye nokushiswa kwe-oxidation.
3. Ukupholisa
Umgomo uwukuguqula i-austenite ibe yizakhiwo ezincane ezahlukene.
Izakhiwo ezincane ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisa ngemva kokushisa nokubamba, i-austenite iguquka ibe izakhiwo ezincane ezahlukene kuye ngesivinini sokupholisa. Izakhiwo ezincane ezahlukene zibonisa izakhiwo ezahlukene.
B. Umqondo oyisisekelo wokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okusekelwe Ezindleleni Zokushisa Nokupholisa, kanye Nesakhiwo Esincane Nezakhiwo Zensimbi
1. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Okuvamile (Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Okujwayelekile): Ukushisa, Ukunciphisa, Ukulungisa, Ukuqeda
2. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Komphezulu: Ukucima Komphezulu, Ukucima Kokushisa Komphezulu Okungenisiwe, Ukucima Kokushisa Komphezulu Okushiswa Ngomlilo, Ukucima Kokushisa Kokuthintana Nogesi.
3. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwamakhemikhali: Ukushiswa Kwe-Carburizing, Ukushiswa Kwe-Nitriding, Ukushiswa Kwe-Carbonitriding.
4. Okunye Ukwelashwa Kokushisa: Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Komkhathi Okulawulwayo, Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwe-Vacuum, Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kokuguqulwa Kwesimo.
C. Izinga lokushisa elibalulekile lezinsimbi
Izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa okubalulekile kwensimbi liyisisekelo esibalulekile sokunquma izinqubo zokushisa, zokubamba, kanye nokupholisa ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa. Kunqunywa umdwebo wesigaba sensimbi-ikhabhoni.
Isiphetho Esiyinhloko:Izinga lokushisa langempela lokuguqulwa okubucayi kwensimbi lihlala lingemuva kwezinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa okubucayi okungokwemfundiso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudingeka ukushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokushisa, futhi ukupholisa okunganele kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokupholisa.
Ⅱ. Ukunciphisa Nokulungisa Insimbi
1. Incazelo ye-Annealing
Ukuhlanganisa kuhilela ukufudumeza insimbi ekushiseni okungaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwephuzu elibalulekile i-Ac₁ eyibambe kulelo zinga lokushisa, bese uyipholisa kancane kancane, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo, ukuze kufezwe isakhiwo esiseduze nokulingana.
2. Inhloso Yokunamathisela
①Lungisa Ubulukhuni Bomshini: Ukufinyelela ubulukhuni obungasebenza ku-HB170 ~ 230.
②Nciphisa Ukucindezeleka Okusele: Kuvimbela ukuguquka noma ukuqhekeka phakathi nezinqubo ezilandelayo.
③Hlunga Isakhiwo Sezinhlamvu: Kuthuthukisa isakhiwo esincane.
④Ukulungiselela Ukwelashwa Kokugcina Kokushisa: Kuthola i-pearlite e-granular (e-spheroidized) ukuze kucinywe futhi kushiswe okulandelayo.
3. Ukunamathisela Okunezimbotshana
Imininingwane Yenqubo: Izinga lokushisa lokushisa liseduze nephuzu le-Ac₁.
Inhloso: Ukufaka i-spheroid ku-cementite noma ama-carbide ensimbini, okuholela ku-pearlite ene-granular (spheroidized).
Ububanzi Obusebenzayo: Busetshenziselwa izinsimbi ezinezinhlanganisela ze-eutectoid kanye ne-hypereutectoid.
4. Ukusabalalisa i-Annealing (Ukuhlanganisa i-Annealing)
Imininingwane Yenqubo: Izinga lokushisa lokushisa lingaphansi kancane komugqa we-solvus kumdwebo wesigaba.
Inhloso: Ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa.
①Ngenani eliphansiinsimbi yekhabhoningokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphansi kuka-0.25%, ukujwayeza kukhethwa kunokufaka i-annealing njengokwelashwa kokushisa okulungiselelayo.
②Ngensimbi enesikhabhoni esiphakathi enokuqukethwe kwesikhabhoni okuphakathi kuka-0.25% no-0.50%, kungaba ukunamathisela noma ukujwayeza kungasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kokushisa kokulungiselela.
③Ngensimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi kuya kwephezulu enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphakathi kuka-0.50% no-0.75%, kunconywa ukunamathisela okugcwele.
④Ngenani eliphezulu-insimbi yekhabhoningokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphezu kuka-0.75%, ukujwayeza kuqala kusetshenziswa ukuqeda inethiwekhi ye-Fe₃C, kulandelwe yi-spheroidizing annealing.
Ⅲ. Ukucima Nokushisa Insimbi
A. Ukucima
1. Incazelo Yokucima: Ukucima kuhilela ukufudumeza insimbi ekushiseni okuthile ngaphezu kwephuzu le-Ac₃ noma le-Ac₁, ukuyibamba kulelo phuzu lokushisa, bese uyipholisa ngesivinini esikhulu kunesilinganiso sokupholisa esibalulekile ukuze kwakheke i-martensite.
2. Inhloso Yokucima: Umgomo oyinhloko ukuthola i-martensite (noma ngezinye izikhathi i-bainite ephansi) ukwandisa ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwensimbi. Ukucima kungenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwelapha ukushisa kwensimbi.
3. Ukunquma Izinga Lokushisa Lokucima Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zensimbi
Insimbi Engashisi Kahle: Ac₃ + 30°C kuya ku-50°C
Insimbi ye-Eutectoid kanye ne-Hypereutectoid: Ac₁ + 30°C kuya ku-50°C
Insimbi Ehlanganisiwe: 50°C kuya ku-100°C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi
4. Izici Zokupholisa Zendlela Efanele Yokucima:
Ukupholisa Kancane Ngaphambi Kokushisa "Kwempumulo": Ukuze kuncishiswe ngokwanele ukucindezeleka kokushisa.
Umthamo Ophakeme Wokupholisa Oseduze "Nekhala" Izinga Lokushisa: Ukugwema ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezingezona eze-martensitic.
Ukupholisa Okuhamba Kancane Eduze Nephuzu le-M₅: Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-martensitic.
5. Izindlela Zokucima Nezimpawu Zazo:
①Ukucima Okulula: Kulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ifaneleka ezintweni zokusebenza ezincane, ezimise okwesibuko esilula. Isakhiwo esincane esiphumelayo yi-martensite (M).
②Ukucisha Okuphindwe Kabili: Kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuyilawula, isetshenziselwa insimbi enesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu kanye nezinto zokusebenza zensimbi ye-alloy ezinkulu. Isakhiwo esincane esiphumelayo yi-martensite (M).
③Ukucima Okuphukile: Inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, esetshenziselwa izinto zokusebenza zensimbi ezinkulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isakhiwo esincane esiphumelayo yi-martensite (M).
④Ukucima Okushisayo: Kusetshenziselwa izinto zokusebenza ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezidingo eziphezulu. Isakhiwo esincane esiphumelayo siyi-bainite ephansi (B).
6. Izinto Ezithinta Ukuqina Kokuqina
Izinga lokuqina lincike ekuqineni kwe-austenite epholile kakhulu ensimbini. Uma ukuqina kwe-austenite epholile kakhulu kuphakeme, ukuqina kwayo kuba ngcono, futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Izici Ezithonya Ukuzinza kwe-Supercooled Austenite:
Indawo ye-C-Curve: Uma i-C-curve ishintshela kwesokudla, izinga lokupholisa elibalulekile lokucima liyancipha, okuthuthukisa ukuqina.
Isiphetho Esiyinhloko:
Noma yisiphi isici esishintsha i-C-curve iye kwesokudla sandisa ukuqina kwensimbi.
Isici Esiyinhloko:
Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali: Ngaphandle kwe-cobalt (Co), zonke izinto ezixutshwe ku-austenite zandisa ukuqina.
Uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusondelene kakhulu nokwakheka kwe-eutectoid ensimbini yekhabhoni, kulapho i-C-curve ishintshela khona ngakwesokudla, futhi ukuqina kwayo kuyanda.
7. Ukunqunywa kanye nokumelwa kokuqina
①Ukuhlolwa Kokuqina Kokucima: Ukuqina kukalwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlola yokucima kokuphela.
②Indlela Yobubanzi Bokucima Okubalulekile: Ububanzi bokucima okubalulekile (D₀) bumelela ububanzi obukhulu bensimbi obungaqiniswa ngokuphelele endaweni ethile yokucima.
B. Ukulinganisela
1. Incazelo ye-Tempering
Ukushisa kuyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho insimbi ecinyiwe ishiswa kabusha ibe yizinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwephuzu le-A₁, ibanjwe kulelo zinga lokushisa, bese ipholiswa ibe yizinga lokushisa legumbi.
2. Inhloso Yokulinganisela
Nciphisa noma Uqede Ukucindezeleka Okusele: Kuvimbela ukuguquka noma ukuqhekeka kwento yokusebenza.
Nciphisa noma Susa i-Austenite Esele: Iqinisa ubukhulu bento yokusebenza.
Ukuqeda Ukungaqini Kwensimbi Ecinyiwe: Kulungisa isakhiwo esincane kanye nezakhiwo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomsebenzi.
Inothi Elibalulekile: Insimbi kufanele ithambe ngokushesha ngemva kokucima.
3. Izinqubo Zokulinganisela
1. Ukushisa Okuphansi
Inhloso: Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuqeda, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina komsebenzi wokusebenza, nokufeza ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Izinga lokushisa: 150°C ~ 250°C.
Ukusebenza: Ukuqina: HRC 58 ~ 64. Ukuqina okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Izicelo: Amathuluzi, isikhunta, amabheringi, izingxenye ezifakwe i-carburized, kanye nezingxenye eziqiniswe ebusweni.
2. Ukushisa Okuphezulu
Inhloso: Ukufinyelela ukuqina okuphezulu kanye namandla nokuqina okwanele.
Izinga lokushisa: 500°C ~ 600°C.
Ukusebenza: Ukuqina: HRC 25 ~ 35. Izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini iyonke.
Izicelo: Ama-shaft, amagiya, izinduku zokuxhuma, njll.
Ukucwengisisa Okushisayo
Incazelo: Ukucima okulandelwa ukufudumala okuphezulu kubizwa ngokuthi ukucwengisisa okushisa, noma ukufudumala nje. Insimbi ephathwa ngale nqubo inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ⅳ. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Komphezulu Wensimbi
A. Ukucinywa Kwezinsimbi Ezingaphezulu
1. Incazelo Yokuqina Komphezulu
Ukuqina komphezulu kuyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa eyenzelwe ukuqinisa ungqimba olungaphezulu lwento yokusebenza ngokuyifudumeza ngokushesha ukuze iguqule ungqimba olungaphezulu lube yi-austenite bese ipholisa ngokushesha. Le nqubo yenziwa ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi noma isakhiwo esiyinhloko sento.
2. Izinto Ezisetshenziselwa Ukuqinisa Indawo kanye Nokwakheka Kwangemva Kokuqina
Izinto Ezisetshenziselwa Ukuqinisa Ubuso
Izinto Ezijwayelekile: Insimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo kanye nensimbi ye-alloy yekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo.
Ngaphambi Kokwelashwa: Inqubo Ejwayelekile: Ukulinganisela. Uma izakhiwo eziyinhloko zingabalulekile, ukuvuselela kungasetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho.
Isakhiwo Sangemva Kokuqina
Ukwakheka Komphezulu: Ingqimba engaphezulu ivame ukwakha isakhiwo esiqinile njenge-martensite noma i-bainite, enikeza ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka.
Isakhiwo Esiyinhloko: Ingaphakathi lensimbi ngokuvamile ligcina isakhiwo salo sokuqala, njengesi-pearlite noma isimo esithambile, kuye ngenqubo yangaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nezakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingaphakathi ligcina ukuqina okuhle namandla.
B. Izici zokuqina kobuso bokungeniswa
1. Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu Nokukhuphuka Okusheshayo Kwezinga Lokushisa: Ukuqina kobuso bokungenisa ngokuvamile kuhilela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa okusheshayo, okuvumela ukufudumala okusheshayo ngesikhathi esifushane.
2. Isakhiwo Sezinhlamvu Ezinhle Zase-Austenite Engxenyeni Engaphezulu: Ngesikhathi sokushisa okusheshayo kanye nenqubo yokucima okulandelayo, ungqimba olungaphezulu lwakha izinhlamvu ezincane ze-austenite. Ngemva kokucima, ubuso buqukethe ngokuyinhloko i-martensite encane, enobunzima obuvame ukuphakama ngama-HRC angu-2-3 kunokucima okuvamile.
3. Ikhwalithi Enhle Yomphezulu: Ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokushisa, umphezulu womsebenzi awuthambekele kakhulu ekushiseni nasekususeni i-carburization, futhi ukuguquguquka okubangelwa ukucima kuyancishiswa, okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi enhle yomphezulu.
4. Amandla Okukhathala Okuphezulu: Ukuguqulwa kwesigaba se-martensitic ongqimbeni olungaphezulu kudala ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo, okwandisa amandla okukhathala kwento yokusebenza.
5. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokukhiqiza: Ukuqina kobuso bokungenisa kufanelekela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, okunikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
C. Ukuhlukaniswa kokwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali
Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba, Ukubumba
D. I-Carburizing yegesi
I-Gas Carburizing inqubo lapho i-workpiece ifakwa esithandweni se-gas carburizing esivaliwe bese ishiswa kuze kufike ekushiseni okuguqula insimbi ibe yi-austenite. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-carburizing agent idonswa esithandweni, noma umoya we-carburizing wethulwa ngqo, okuvumela ama-athomu e-carbon ukuthi asakazeke engxenyeni engaphezulu ye-workpiece. Le nqubo yandisa okuqukethwe kwe-carbon (wc%) ebusweni be-workpiece.
√Ama-ejenti Okufaka I-Carburizing:
•Amagesi acebile ngekhabhoni: Njengegesi yamalahle, igesi kaphethiloli encibilikisiwe (LPG), njll.
•Uketshezi Lwemvelo: Njengophalafini, i-methanol, i-benzene, njll.
√Amapharamitha Enqubo Yokugaya I-Carburizing:
•Izinga lokushisa le-Carburizing: 920~950°C.
•Isikhathi Sokufaka I-Carburing: Kuncike ekujuleni okufiswayo kwesendlalelo esifakwe i-carburing kanye nokushisa kwe-carburing.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Ngemva Kokusebenzisa I-Carburizing
Insimbi kumele iphathwe ngokushisa ngemva kokushiswa nge-carburizing.
Inqubo Yokwelapha Ukushisa Ngemva Kokusebenzisa I-Carburizing:
√Ukucima + Ukushisa Okuphansi
1. Ukucima Okuqondile Ngemva Kokupholisa Ngaphambi Kokubanda + Ukushisa Okuphansi: Umsebenzi upholiswa kusengaphambili kusukela ekushiseni kwe-carburizing kuya ngaphezu nje kokushisa kwe-Ar₁ kwenhliziyo bese ucinywa ngokushesha, kulandelwe ukufudumala okuphansi ku-160~180°C.
2. Ukucisha Kanye Ngemva Kokupholisa Ngaphambi Kokubanda + Ukucisha Okuphansi Kokushisa: Ngemva kokufaka i-carburizing, i-workpiece ipholiswa kancane kancane ibe yigumbi lokushisa, bese ishiswa kabusha ukuze icime futhi ishiswe ekushiseni okuphansi.
3. Ukucisha kabili ngemva kokupholisa ngaphambi kokupholisa + Ukushisa okuphansi: Ngemva kokufaka i-carburizing kanye nokupholisa kancane, umsebenzi udlula ezigabeni ezimbili zokufudumeza nokucima, kulandele ukucisha okuphansi.
Ⅴ. Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kwamakhemikhali Kwezinsimbi
1. Incazelo Yokwelashwa Kokushisa Kwamakhemikhali
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa ngamakhemikhali kuyinqubo yokwelashwa ngokushisa lapho insimbi ifakwa endaweni ethile esebenzayo, ifudunyezwe, futhi igcinwe ekushiseni, okuvumela ama-athomu asebenzayo endaweni ukuthi asakazeke ebusweni bento yokusebenza. Lokhu kushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo esincane sobuso bento yokusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela kushintsha izakhiwo zayo.
2. Inqubo Eyisisekelo Yokwelashwa Kokushisa Kwamakhemikhali
Ukubola: Ngesikhathi sokushisa, indawo esebenzayo iyabola, ikhulule ama-athomu asebenzayo.
Ukumuncwa: Ama-athomu asebenzayo adonswa ubuso bensimbi bese encibilika abe yisisombululo esiqinile sensimbi.
Ukusabalala: Ama-athomu asebenzayo amuncwa futhi ancibilike ebusweni bensimbi ayathuthela ngaphakathi.
Izinhlobo Zokuqina Komphezulu Wokungeniswa
a.Ukushisa Okukhulu Kokufudumeza Okujwayelekile
Imvamisa Yamanje: 250~300 kHz.
Ukujula Kwesendlalelo Esiqinile: 0.5~2.0 mm.
Izicelo: Amagiya emojula aphakathi nendawo namancane kanye nemishayo emincane kuya kwephakathi.
b.Ukushisa Okujwayelekile Okuphakathi
Imvamisa Yamanje: 2500~8000 kHz.
Ukujula Kwesendlalelo Esiqinile: 2 ~ 10 mm.
Izicelo: Ama-shaft amakhulu kanye namagiya amakhulu kuya kwaphakathi e-module.
c.Ukushisa Kokufudumeza Kwamandla-Imvamisa
Imvamisa Yamanje: 50 Hz.
Ukujula Kwesendlalelo Esiqinile: 10 ~ 15 mm.
Izicelo: Izinto zokusebenza ezidinga ungqimba oluqinile kakhulu.
3. Ukuqina Komphezulu Wokungenisa
Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Sokuqina Komphezulu Wokungeniswa
Umphumela Wesikhumba:
Uma ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi kukhoyili yokungenisa kubangela amandla kagesi ebusweni bento yokusebenza, iningi lamandla kagesi abangelwayo ligxile eduze kobuso, kuyilapho cishe kungekho mandla kagesi adlula ngaphakathi kwento yokusebenza. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesikhumba.
Isimiso Sokuqina Komphezulu Wokungenisa:
Ngokusekelwe emphumeleni wesikhumba, ubuso bento yokusebenza bushiswa ngokushesha kufike ezingeni lokushisa eliqinisayo (likhuphukela ku-800 ~ 1000°C ngemizuzwana embalwa), kuyilapho ingaphakathi lento yokusebenza lihlala lingashiswanga. Into yokusebenza bese ipholiswa ngokufafaza ngamanzi, okwenza indawo iqine.
4. Ukungabi namsindo
Ukunciphisa Ubumnene Ngensimbi Ecishiwe
Ukuphuka kokulinganisela kubhekisela esimweni lapho ukuqina komthelela wensimbi ecishiwe kwehla kakhulu lapho kulungiswa emazingeni okushisa athile.
Uhlobo Lokuqala Lokuthamba Ubumnene
Izinga Lokushisa: 250°C kuya ku-350°C.
Izici: Uma insimbi ecinyiwe iqiniswa ngaphakathi kwaleli banga lokushisa, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ithuthukise lolu hlobo lobuthakathaka bokuqiniswa, olungenakuqedwa.
Isixazululo: Gwema ukuthambisa insimbi ecinyiwe ngaphakathi kwaleli banga lokushisa.
Uhlobo lokuqala lokuthamba kwe-tempering brittleness lubizwa nangokuthi ukuthamba kwe-tempering brittleness okuphansi noma ukuthamba kwe-tempering brittleness okungaguquki.
Ⅵ. Ukulinganisela
1. Ukushisa kuyinqubo yokugcina yokwelapha ukushisa elandela ukucima.
Kungani Izinsimbi Ezicishiwe Zidinga Ukulungiswa?
Isakhiwo Esincane Ngemva Kokucima: Ngemva kokucima, isakhiwo esincane sensimbi ngokuvamile siqukethe i-martensite kanye ne-austenite esele. Zombili ziyizigaba eziguquguqukayo futhi zizoguquka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Izakhiwo zeMartensite: IMartensite ibonakala ngokuqina okuphezulu kodwa futhi nokuqhekeka okuphezulu (ikakhulukazi kwi-martensite efana nenaliti enekhabhoni ephezulu), engahlangabezani nezidingo zokusebenza kwezicelo eziningi.
Izici Zokuguqulwa Kwe-Martensitic: Ukuguqulwa kube yi-martensite kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemva kokucima, umsebenzi uba nokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okusele okungaholela ekuguqukeni noma ekuqhekekeni.
Isiphetho: Umsebenzi awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngqo ngemva kokucima! Ukushisa kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi nokuthuthukisa ukuqina komsebenzi, okwenza ufaneleke ukusetshenziswa.
2. Umehluko Phakathi Kokuqina Nokuqina:
Ukuqina:
Ukuqina kubhekisela ekhonweni lensimbi lokufinyelela ukujula okuthile kokuqina (ukujula kwesendlalelo esiqinisiwe) ngemva kokucinywa. Kuncike ekwakhiweni nasekwakhekeni kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi izakhi zayo zokuhlanganisa kanye nohlobo lwensimbi. Ukuqina kuyisilinganiso sokuthi insimbi ingaqina kahle kangakanani kulo lonke ubukhulu bayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokucinywa.
Ubulukhuni (Umthamo Wokuqinisa):
Ukuqina, noma amandla okuqinisa, kubhekisela ebulukhunini obukhulu obungatholakala ensimbini ngemva kokucisha. Kuthonywa kakhulu okuqukethwe yikhabhoni yensimbi. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni ngokuvamile kuholela ebulukhunini obungaba khona obuphezulu, kodwa lokhu kunganqunywa yizinto ezixuba insimbi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokucisha.
3. Ukuqina Kwensimbi
√Umqondo Wokuqina
Ukuqina kubhekisela ekhonweni lensimbi lokufinyelela ukujula okuthile kokuqina kwe-martensitic ngemva kokucima kusukela ekushiseni okubangela i-austenitizing. Ngamagama alula, ikhono lensimbi lokwakha i-martensite ngesikhathi sokucima.
Ukulinganiswa Kokuqina
Ubukhulu bokuqina buboniswa ukujula kwesendlalelo esiqinile esitholwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ngemva kokucinywa.
Ukujula Kwesendlalelo Esiqinile: Lokhu ukujula kusukela ebusweni bento yokusebenza kuya esifundeni lapho isakhiwo siyingxenye ye-martensite.
Imidiya Evamile Yokucima:
•Amanzi
Izici: Ishibhile futhi inamandla okupholisa aqinile, kodwa inezinga eliphezulu lokupholisa eduze nendawo yokubila, okungaholela ekupholiseni ngokweqile.
Isicelo: Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa izinsimbi ze-carbon.
Amanzi Anosawoti: Isixazululo sikasawoti noma i-alkali emanzini, esinamandla okupholisa aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi, okwenza sifanelekele izinsimbi zekhabhoni.
•Amafutha
Izici: Inikeza izinga lokupholisa elihamba kancane emazingeni okushisa aphansi (eduze nendawo yokubila), okunciphisa ngempumelelo ukuthambekela kokuguquguquka nokuqhekeka, kodwa inekhono eliphansi lokupholisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Isicelo: Kufanelekela izinsimbi ze-alloy.
Izinhlobo: Kufaka phakathi uwoyela wokucima, uwoyela womshini, kanye nophethiloli wedizili.
Isikhathi Sokushisa
Isikhathi sokushisa siqukethe kokubili izinga lokushisa (isikhathi esithathwayo ukuze kufinyelelwe izinga lokushisa elifunekayo) kanye nesikhathi sokubamba (isikhathi esigcinwa ezingeni lokushisa eliqondiwe).
Izimiso Zokunquma Isikhathi Sokushisa: Qinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lisabalala ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo yokusebenza, ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Qinisekisa ukuthi i-austenitization ephelele nokuthi i-austenite eyakhiwe iyafana futhi icocekile.
Isisekelo Sokunquma Isikhathi Sokushisa: Ngokuvamile kulinganiselwa kusetshenziswa amafomula angokombono noma kunqunywa ngokuhlola.
Imidiya Yokucima
Izici Ezimbili Ezibalulekile:
a.Izinga Lokupholisa: Izinga lokupholisa eliphakeme likhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-martensite.
b.Ukucindezeleka Okusele: Izinga eliphezulu lokupholisa landisa ukucindezeleka okusele, okungaholela ekuthambekeleni okukhulu kokuguquguquka nokuqhekeka emsebenzini.
Ⅶ. Ukwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile
1. Incazelo Yokwenza Izinto Zibe Zijwayelekile
Ukulungisa kabusha kuyinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho insimbi ishiswa khona ifike ezingeni lokushisa elingu-30°C kuya ku-50°C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-Ac3, ibanjwe kulelo zinga lokushisa, bese ipholiswa emoyeni ukuze kutholakale isakhiwo esincane esiseduze nesimo sokulingana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqinisa, ukulungisa kabusha kunezinga lokupholisa elisheshayo, okuholela esakhiweni se-pearlite esicolekile (P) kanye namandla nobunzima obuphezulu.
2. Inhloso Yokwenza Izinto Zibe Zijwayelekile
Inhloso yokwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile ifana neyokwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa.
3. Izicelo Zokwenza Kube Nokulinganisela
• Susa i-cementite yesibili exhunywe kunethiwekhi.
•Kusebenza njengokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa kwezingxenye ezinezidingo eziphansi.
•Sebenza njengokwelashwa kokushisa okulungiselela insimbi yesakhiwo esinekhabhoni ephansi nephakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwemishini.
4. Izinhlobo ze-Annealing
Uhlobo Lokuqala Lokunamathela:
Inhloso kanye Nomsebenzi: Umgomo akukhona ukugqugquzela ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kodwa ukuguqula insimbi isuke esimweni esingalingani iye esimweni esilinganisiwe.
Izinhlobo:
•Ukuhlukaniswa Kokusabalalisa: Kuhlose ukwenza ukwakheka kube okufanayo ngokuqeda ukuhlukaniswa.
•Ukuvuselela i-Annealing: Kubuyisela ukuqina ngokuqeda imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi.
•Ukunciphisa Ukucindezeleka: Kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokushintsha isakhiwo esincane.
Uhlobo Lwesibili Lokunamathela:
Inhloso kanye Nomsebenzi: Ihlose ukushintsha isakhiwo esincane kanye nezakhiwo, kufezwe isakhiwo esincane esibuswa yi-pearlite. Lolu hlobo luphinde luqinisekise ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kanye nesimo se-pearlite, i-ferrite, kanye ne-carbides kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile.
Izinhlobo:
•Ukunamathisela Okugcwele: Kushisa insimbi ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-Ac3 bese kuyipholisa kancane kancane ukuze kukhiqizwe isakhiwo se-pearlite esifanayo.
•Ukufakwa Okungaphelele: Kushisa insimbi phakathi kwamazinga okushisa e-Ac1 ne-Ac3 ukuze kuguqulwe isakhiwo kancane.
•Ukufakwa Kwensimbi Engashisi Kahle: Kushisa insimbi ngaphezu kwe-Ac3, kulandelwe ukupholisa okusheshayo kufike ekushiseni okungashisi kakhulu kanye nokubamba ukuze kufezwe isakhiwo esifunekayo.
•Ukufakwa kwe-spheroidizing: Kukhiqiza isakhiwo se-spheroidal carbide, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina.
Ⅷ.1. Incazelo Yokwelashwa Kokushisa
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kubhekisela enkambisweni lapho insimbi ishiswa khona, ibanjwe ekushiseni okuthile, bese ipholiswa ngenkathi isesimweni esiqinile ukushintsha isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo sayo esincane, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo.
2. Izici Zokwelashwa Kokushisa
Ukwelashwa ngokushisa akushintshi ukuma kwento yokusebenza; kunalokho, kushintsha isakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo esincane sensimbi, okubuye kushintshe izakhiwo zensimbi.
3. Inhloso Yokwelashwa Kokushisa
Inhloso yokwelashwa ngokushisa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zensimbi (noma izinto zokusebenza), ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla ensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yento yokusebenza, nokwandisa isikhathi sayo sokusebenza.
4. Isiphetho Esiyinhloko
Ukuthi izakhiwo zezinto zingathuthukiswa yini ngokwelashwa kokushisa kuncike kakhulu ekutheni kukhona yini izinguquko esakhiweni sazo esincane kanye nesakhiwo ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisa nokupholisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-19-2024