Ⅰ. Te ariā taketake o te maimoatanga wera.
A. Te ariā taketake o te maimoatanga wera.
Ngā āhuatanga taketake me ngā mahi omaimoatanga wera:
1. Te whakamahana
Ko te whāinga kia whiwhi i tētahi hanganga austenite ōrite, pai hoki.
2. Te pupuri
Ko te whāinga kia tino wera te mea mahi, kia ārai hoki i te tango waro me te waikura.
3. Whakamatao
Ko te whāinga he huri i te austenite hei hanganga moroiti rerekē.
Ngā hanganga moroiti i muri i te maimoatanga wera
I te wā e whakamataohia ana, i muri i te whakamahana me te pupuri, ka huri te austenite hei hanganga moroiti rerekē i runga i te tere whakamatao. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā hanganga moroiti rerekē.
B. Te ariā taketake o te maimoatanga wera.
Te Whakarōpūtanga i runga i ngā Tikanga Whakamahana me te Whakamatao, tae atu ki te Hanganga Moroiti me ngā Āhuatanga o te Rino
1. Maimoatanga Wera Tikanga (Maimoatanga Wera Whānui): Te Whakamahana, Te Whakamahana, Te Whakaōrite, Te Whakatio
2. Maimoatanga Wera Mata: Te Whakamahana Mata, Te Whakamahana Mata Whakatere, Te Whakamahana Mura Mata, Te Whakamahana Mata Whakapā Hiko.
3. Maimoatanga Wera Matū: Te Whakakākahu, Te Whakanitoria, Te Whakakākahu Waro.
4. Ētahi atu Maimoatanga Wera: Maimoatanga Wera Āhuarangi Whakahaeretia, Maimoatanga Wera Korehau, Maimoatanga Wera Whakarerekētanga.
C. Te Pāmahana Hiranga o ngā Rino
He mea nui te pāmahana whakawhiti matua o te maitai hei whakatau i ngā tukanga whakamahana, pupuri, me te whakamatao i te wā e whakamahanahia ana. Ka whakatauhia tēnei e te tūtohi āhua rino-waro.
Whakatau Matua:Ko te pāmahana whakawhiti matua tuturu o te maitai kei muri tonu i te pāmahana whakawhiti matua ariā. Ko te tikanga o tēnei me wera rawa i te wā e whakamahana ana, ā, me whakamatao iti i te wā e whakamatao ana.
Ⅱ. Te Whakamahana me te Whakaōrite i te Rino
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakamahana
Ko te whakamahana i te maitai ki te pāmahana kei runga ake, kei raro iho rānei i te pūwāhi Ac₁, e pupuri ana i taua pāmahana, kātahi ka whakamatao mārire, i roto i te oumu i te nuinga o te wā, kia tata ai te hanganga ki te taurite.
2. Te Kaupapa o te Whakamahana
①Whakarerekē i te pakeke mō te mahi mīhini: Te whakatutuki i te pakeke ka taea te mahi mīhini i roto i te awhe HB170 ~ 230.
②Whakamamae i te ahotea toenga: Ārai i te rerekētanga, te ngatata rānei i ngā tukanga e whai ake nei.
③Whakapai ake i te hanganga o te witi: Ka whakapai ake i te hanganga moroiti.
④Te Whakarite mō te Maimoatanga Wera Whakamutunga: Te tiki i te pearlite kirikiri (porowhita) hei whakamātao me te whakamahana i muri mai.
3. Te Whakamahana i te Whakapūpū
Ngā Whakatakotoranga Tukanga: E tata ana te pāmahana whakamahana ki te pūwāhi Ac₁.
Kaupapa: Hei whakaporowhita i te simentite, i ngā carbide rānei i roto i te maitai, kia puta ai he perlite kirikiri (porowhita).
Awhe e tika ana: Whakamahia mō ngā maitai me ngā hanganga eutectoid me hypereutectoid.
4. Te Whakamahanatanga Whakarara (Te Whakamahanatanga Whakakotahi)
Ngā Whakatakotoranga Tukanga: Kei raro iho i te rārangi rewa te pāmahana whakamahana i te hoahoa āhuahanga.
Kaupapa: Hei whakakore i te wehewehe.
①Mō te iti-maitai waromēnā he iti iho i te 0.25% te ihirangi waro, he pai ake te whakataurite i te whakamahana hei maimoatanga wera whakarite.
②Mō te maitai waro-waenga me te ihirangi waro i waenga i te 0.25% me te 0.50%, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamahana, te whakataurite rānei hei maimoatanga wera whakarite.
③Mō te maitai waro-waenga ki te waro-tiketike, me te ihirangi waro i waenga i te 0.50% me te 0.75%, e taunakihia ana kia whakamahana katoatia.
④Mō te teitei-maitai waroMēnā he nui ake te ihirangi waro i te 0.75%, ka whakamahia tuatahitia te whakataurite hei whakakore i te whatunga Fe₃C, ā, muri iho ka whakamahia te whakamahana porowhita.
Ⅲ. Te Whakamātao me te Whakamātao i te Rino
A. Te Whakatio
1. Whakamāramatanga o te Whakamātao: Ko te whakamātao he whakamahana i te maitai ki tētahi pāmahana kei runga ake i te pūwāhi Ac₃, Ac₁ rānei, ka pupuri i taua pāmahana, kātahi ka whakamatao i te tere nui atu i te tere whakamatao matua hei hanga i te martensite.
2. Te Kaupapa o te Whakamātao: Ko te whāinga matua ko te whiwhi martensite (i ētahi wā he iti iho rānei te bainite) hei whakanui ake i te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu o te maitai. Ko te whakamātao tētahi o ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera nui rawa atu mō te maitai.
3. Te Whakatau i ngā Pāmahana Whakaiti mō ngā Momo Rino Rerekē
Rino Hypoeutectoid: Ac₃ + 30°C ki te 50°C
Te maitai Eutectoid me te Hypereutectoid: Ac₁ + 30°C ki te 50°C
Rino Koranu: 50°C ki te 100°C i runga ake i te pāmahana matua
4. Ngā Āhuatanga Whakamatao o tētahi Waenga Whakamātao Pai:
Te Whakamatao Pōturi i mua i te Pāmahana o te "Ihu": Hei whakaiti i te ahotea wera.
Te Pūmanawa Whakamatao Teitei Tata ki te Pāmahana "Ihu": Hei karo i te hanganga o ngā hanganga kore-martensitic.
Te Whakamatao Puhoi Tata ki te Pūwāhi M₅: Hei whakaiti i te ahotea i puta mai i te huringa martensitic.
5. Ngā Tikanga Whakatio me ō rātou Āhuatanga:
①Te Whakamāmā Māmā: He māmā te whakahaere, ā, he pai mō ngā mahi iti, āhua māmā. Ko te hanganga iti rawa ko te martensite (M).
②Te Whakaweto Takirua: He uaua ake, he uaua hoki ki te whakahaere, e whakamahia ana mō ngā maitai waro-teitei āhua matatini me ngā wāhanga mahi maitai koranu nui ake. Ko te hanganga moroiti ka puta ko te martensite (M).
③Te Whakaweto Pakaru: He tukanga uaua ake, e whakamahia ana mō ngā wāhanga mahi maitai koranu nui, āhua matatini. Ko te hanganga iti e hua mai ana ko te martensite (M).
④Te Whakamātao Isothermal: Whakamahia mō ngā wāhanga mahi iti, uaua te āhua, he nui ngā whakaritenga. Ko te hanganga iti rawa ko te bainite iti (B).
6. Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Whakapakeketanga
Ko te taumata o te whakapakeketanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pumau o te austenite kua tino makariri i roto i te maitai. Ko te teitei ake o te pumau o te austenite kua tino makariri, ko te pai ake o te whakapakeketanga, me te ritenga ke.
Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Pūmautanga o te Austenite Matao Rawa:
Te Tūnga o te Pīkoi-C: Ki te neke te pīkoi-C ki te taha matau, ka heke te tere whakamatao matua mō te tinei, ka pai ake te whakapakeketanga.
Whakatau Matua:
Mā tētahi āhuatanga e neke ana i te pihi-C ki te taha matau ka whakanuia te pakeketanga o te maitai.
Take Matua:
Te Hanganga Matū: Haunga te cobalt (Co), ko ngā huānga whakarewa katoa i rewa i roto i te austenite ka whakanui ake i te pakari.
Ka tata ake te nui o te waro ki te hanganga eutectoid i roto i te maitai waro, ka nui ake te neke o te pihi-C ki te matau, ā, ka teitei ake te mārō.
7. Te Whakatau me te Whakaaturanga o te Whakapakari
①Whakamātautau Whakapakari Mutunga: Ka inehia te whakapakari mā te whakamahi i te tikanga whakamātautau whakamutu-whakamātautau.
②Tikanga Diameter Tinei Hiranga: Ko te diameter tinei hiranga (D₀) e tohu ana i te diameter mōrahi o te maitai ka taea te whakapakeke katoa i roto i tētahi reo tinei motuhake.
B. Te whakamahana
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakamahana
Ko te whakamahana he tukanga whakamahana e whakamahanatia ai te maitai kua tineia ki te pāmahana i raro iho i te pūwāhi A₁, ka puritia ki taua pāmahana, kātahi ka whakamatao ki te pāmahana rūma.
2. Te Kaupapa o te Whakamahana
Whakaitihia, whakakorea rānei te ahotea toenga: Ārai i te whakarerekētanga, te ngatata rānei o te mea mahi.
Whakaitihia, Whakakorehia rānei te Austenite Toenga: Ka whakau i ngā taha o te mea mahi.
Te Whakakore i te Pakaru o te Rino Kua Tinei: Ka whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti me ngā āhuatanga kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te mea mahi.
Tuhipoka Hiranga: Me whakamahana tonu te maitai i muri i te tineia.
3. Ngā Tukanga Whakamahana
1. Te Whakamahana Iti
Kaupapa: Hei whakaiti i te ahotea tinei, hei whakapai ake i te pakari o te mea mahi, hei whakatutuki i te pakeketanga me te ātete ki te kakahu.
Pāmahana: 150°C ~ 250°C.
Mahi: Pakari: HRC 58 ~ 64. He pakari teitei, he ātete hoki ki te kakahu.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Ngā taputapu, ngā pokepokea ai, ngā peera, ngā wāhanga kua whakawarohia, me ngā wāhanga kua whakapakeketia te mata.
2. Teitei o te Whakamahana
Kaupapa: Kia tino pakari, kia rawaka hoki te kaha me te māro.
Pāmahana: 500°C ~ 600°C.
Mahi: Mārō: HRC 25 ~ 35. He pai ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha whānui.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Ngā toki, ngā taputapu, ngā tokotoko hono, me ētahi atu.
Te Whakamahinga Wera
Whakamāramatanga: Ko te tinei me te whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei ka kiia ko te whakamahine wera, ko te whakamahana noa iho rānei. He tino pai te mahi whānui o te maitai i tukatukahia e tēnei tukanga, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Ⅳ. Te Maimoatanga Wera o te Mata o te Rino
A. Te Whakaiti i te Mata o ngā Rino
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakapakari Mata
Ko te whakapakeketanga o te mata he tukanga whakamahana i hangaia hei whakapakari i te paparanga mata o tētahi mea mahi mā te whakamahana tere i taua mea hei huri i te paparanga mata hei austenite, kātahi ka whakamatao tere. Ka mahia tēnei tukanga me te kore e whakarerekē i te hanganga matū o te maitai, i te hanganga matua rānei o te rauemi.
2. Ngā Rauemi e Whakamahia ana mō te Whakapakari Mata me te Hanganga Muri i te Whakapakari
Ngā Rauemi e Whakamahia ana mō te Whakapakari Mata
Ngā Rauemi Noa: Te maitai waro waenga me te maitai koranu waro waenga.
Maimoatanga-Mua: Tukanga Noa: Te whakamahana. Mena kāore ngā āhuatanga matua i te tino hira, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakataurite.
Hanganga Whakamārō-Mua
Hanganga Mata: Ko te paparanga mata he mea whakapakeke i te nuinga o te wā pērā i te martensite, te bainite rānei, e whakarato ana i te pakeketanga teitei me te ātete ki te kakahu.
Hanganga Matua: Ko te matua o te maitai ka mau tonu tōna hanganga taketake, pērā i te pearlite, i te āhua whakamahana rānei, i runga i te tukanga maimoatanga-mua me ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi turanga. Mā tēnei ka mau tonu te pakari me te kaha o te matua.
B. Ngā āhuatanga o te whakapakeketanga o te mata whakapūmau
1. Te Pāmahana Wera Teitei me te Pikinga Tere o te Pāmahana: Ko te whakapakeketanga o te mata whakapūmau he tikanga kei roto ko ngā pāmahana wera teitei me ngā tere wera tere, e taea ai te whakamahana tere i roto i te wā poto.
2. Te Hanganga o te Wiri Austenite Mata: I te wā e tere ana te whakamahana me te tukanga tinei i muri mai, ka hangaia e te paparanga mata he wiri austenite mata. I muri i te tinei, ko te mata he martensite mata, ko te pakeke he 2-3 HRC teitei ake i te tinei tikanga.
3. Kounga Mata Pai: Nā te poto o te wā whakamahana, kāore te mata o te mea mahi e pāngia e te waikura me te tango waro, ā, ka whakaitihia te rerekētanga i puta mai i te tinei, kia pai ai te kounga o te mata.
4. Kaha Ngenge Teitei: Ko te panonitanga wāhanga martensitic i roto i te paparanga mata ka whakaputa i te ahotea pēhi, ka whakanui ake i te kaha ngenge o te mea mahi.
5. Teitei o te Whai Hua: He pai te whakapakeketanga o te mata whakapūmau mō te whakaputa papatipu, e tuku ana i te tino whai huatanga whakahaere.
C. Te whakarōpūtanga o te maimoatanga wera matū
Whakakāpura,Whakakāpura,Whakakāpura,Whakakīkī,Whakahāngaikiri,Whakakāpura,Whakakāpura,Whakakāpura,Whakakāpura
D. Te Whakapūngao Hau
Ko te Whakapūngao Hauhanga he tukanga e whakanohoia ai tētahi mea mahi ki roto i tētahi oumu whakapūngao hauhanga kua hiritia, ā, ka whakamahanatia ki tētahi pāmahana e huri ai te maitai hei austenite. Kātahi ka maturuturuhia he matū whakapūngao ki roto i te oumu, ka whakaurua rānei he hau whakapūngao tika, kia horapa ai ngā ngota waro ki roto i te paparanga mata o te mea mahi. Mā tēnei tukanga ka whakanui ake i te nui o te waro (wc%) i runga i te mata o te mea mahi.
√Ngā Kaihoko Whakapūngao:
•Ngā Hau Waro-Kāore: Pēnei i te hau waro, te hau hinu wairewa (LPG), me ētahi atu.
•Ngā Wai Waro: Pēnei i te hinu kakara, te methanol, te benzene, me ētahi atu.
√Ngā Tawhā Tukanga Whakapūkara:
•Te pāmahana whakapūkara: 920~950°C.
•Te Wā Whakarewa: Kei runga i te hohonutanga e hiahiatia ana o te paparanga whakarewa me te pāmahana whakarewa.
E. Te Maimoatanga Wera i Muri i te Whakakāpura
Me whakamahana te maitai i muri i te whakakākahuria.
Te Tukanga Maimoatanga Wera i Muri i te Whakakākahu:
√Te Whakamātao + Te Whakamahana i te Mahana Iti
1. Te Whakamātao Tika i Muri i te Whakamatao-Mua + Te Whakamahana-Iti: Ka whakamatao-mua te mea mahi mai i te pāmahana whakapūkara ki runga ake i te pāmahana Ar₁ o te matua, kātahi ka tineia tonutia, ā, muri iho ka whakamatao-iti i te 160~180°C.
2. Te Whakamātao Kotahi i Muri i te Whakamatao-Mua + Te Whakamahana i te Mahana-Iti: Whai muri i te whakakāpūngao, ka āta whakamataohia te mea mahi ki te pāmahana rūma, kātahi ka whakamahana anō hei whakamātao me te whakamahana i te pāmahana-iti.
3. Te Whakamātao Takirua i Muri i te Whakamatao-Mua + Te Whakamahana i te Mahana-Iti: Whai muri i te whakakāpū me te whakamatao puhoi, ka rua ngā wāhanga o te whakamahana me te whakamātao i te mea mahi, ā, ka whai ake ko te whakamahana i te pāmahana-iti.
Ⅴ. Te Maimoatanga Wera Matū o ngā Rino
1. Whakamāramatanga o te Maimoatanga Wera Matū
Ko te maimoatanga wera matū he tukanga maimoatanga wera e whakanohoia ai he mea mahi maitai ki roto i tētahi reo hohe motuhake, ka whakamahanatia, ka puritia ki te pāmahana, kia horapa ai ngā ngota hohe o roto i te reo ki te mata o te mea mahi. Ka huri tēnei i te hanganga matū me te hanganga moroiti o te mata o te mea mahi, ā, ka huri i ōna āhuatanga.
2. Tukanga Taketake o te Maimoatanga Wera Matū
Te Pirau: I te wā e whakamahanahia ana, ka pirau te mea hohe, ka tukuna ngā ngota hohe.
Ngongo: Ka mimitia ngā ngota hohe e te mata o te maitai ka rewa ki roto i te wairewa totoka o te maitai.
Te Horapa: Ka heke ngā ngota hohe e mimitihia ana, ka rewa hoki i runga i te mata o te maitai ki roto.
Ngā momo whakapakeketanga mata whakapūmau
a. Te Whakamahana Whakaoho Auau-Teitei
Auautanga o nāianei: 250~300 kHz.
Te Hōhonutanga o te Paparanga Whakamārō: 0.5~2.0 mm.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Ngā taputapu mō ngā waeine waenga me te iti, me ngā pou iti ki te rahi waenga.
b. Te Whakamahana Whakaoho Auau-Waenga
Auautanga o nāianei: 2500~8000 kHz.
Te Hōhonutanga o te Paparanga Whakamārō: 2~10 mm.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Ngā toki nui ake me ngā taputapu mōrahi nui ki te rahi.
c. Te Whakamahana Whakaoho Auau-Mana
Auautanga o nāianei: 50 Hz.
Te Hōhonutanga o te Paparanga Whakamārō: 10~15 mm.
Ngā Whakamahinga: Ngā mea mahi e hiahia ana ki tētahi paparanga whakapakeke hohonu rawa.
3. Te Whakapakari Mata Whakaoho
Te Kaupapa Taketake o te Whakapakari Mata Whakaoho
Pānga Kiri:
Ina puta he au i runga i te mata o te mea mahi nā te au hurihuri i roto i te pōkai whakapūngao, ko te nuinga o te au whakapūngao ka kukū tata ki te mata, engari kāore he au e tika ana kia puta i roto i te mea mahi. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te pānga kiri.
Te Mātāpono o te Whakapakari Mata Whakaoho:
I runga i te pānga o te kiri, ka tere te whakamahana i te mata o te mea mahi ki te pāmahana austenitizing (ka piki ki te 800~1000°C i roto i ētahi hēkona), engari ko te roto o te mea mahi kāore i te tata wera. Kātahi ka whakamataohia te mea mahi mā te rehu wai, ka tutuki ai te whakapakeketanga o te mata.
4. Te Pakaru o te Āhua
Te Whakamātao i te Pakaru i roto i te Rino Kua Tineihia
Ko te pakarukaru o te whakamahana e pā ana ki te āhuatanga e heke ai te pakari o te maitai kua tineia ina whakamahanatia i ētahi pāmahana.
Momo Tuatahi o te Pakarutanga
Awhe Pāmahana: 250°C ki te 350°C.
Ngā Āhuatanga: Ki te whakamahanatia te maitai kua tineia i roto i tēnei awhe pāmahana, he tino tūponotanga ka puta tēnei momo pakarukaru whakamahana, e kore e taea te whakakore.
Otinga: Kaua e whakamahana i te maitai kua tineia i roto i tēnei awhe pāmahana.
Ko te momo pakarukaru tuatahi o te whakatikatika e mōhiotia ana ko te pakarukaru whakatikatika pāmahana-iti, ko te pakarukaru whakatikatika kore e taea te whakakore rānei.
Ⅵ. Te whakamahana
1. Ko te whakamahana he tukanga whakamahana whakamutunga e whai ake ana i te tinei.
He aha i hiahia ai kia whakamahanatia ngā maitai kua tineia?
Hanganga Iti i Muri i te Whakamate: Whai muri i te whakamamate, ko te hanganga iti o te maitai he martensite me te austenite toenga. He āhua pumau ngā mea e rua, ā, ka huri i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Martensite: Ko te āhuatanga o te martensite he pakeke rawa, engari he pakarukaru hoki (ina koa i roto i te martensite he rite ki te ngira waro-nui), kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mahi mō te maha o ngā tono.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Huringa Martensitic: Ka tino tere te hurihanga ki te martensite. I muri i te tineia, ka toe tonu ngā ahotea o roto o te mea mahi ka arahi pea ki te whakarerekētanga, ki te ngatata rānei.
Whakatau: Kāore e taea te whakamahi i te mea mahi i muri tonu i te tineia! Me whakamahana hei whakaiti i ngā ahotea o roto, hei whakapai ake hoki i te pakari o te mea mahi, kia pai ai mō te whakamahi.
2. Te Rerekētanga i waenga i te Whakapakari me te Kaha Whakapakari:
Te pakeketanga:
Ko te āheitanga whakapakeke e pā ana ki te kaha o te maitai ki te whakatutuki i tētahi hōhonutanga whakapakeke (te hōhonutanga o te paparanga whakapakeke) i muri i te tineitanga. Kei te hanganga me te hanganga o te maitai, inā koa ko ōna huānga whakarewa me te momo maitai. Ko te āheitanga whakapakeke he ine i te pai o te whakapakeketanga o te maitai puta noa i tōna matotoru i te wā o te tineitanga.
Te pakeketanga (te kaha ki te whakapakeke):
Ko te pakeketanga, te kaha whakapakeketanga rānei, e pā ana ki te pakeketanga mōrahi ka taea te whakatutuki i roto i te maitai i muri i te tineitanga. He nui te pānga o te ihirangi waro o te maitai ki tēnei. Ko te nui ake o te ihirangi waro ka hua ake te pakeketanga pūmanawa teitei ake, engari ka taea tēnei te whakawhāitihia e ngā huānga whakarewa o te maitai me te whai huatanga o te tukanga tineitanga.
3. Te Whakapakari o te Rino
√Te Ariā o te Whakapakeketanga
Ko te whakapakeketanga e pā ana ki te kaha o te maitai ki te whakatutuki i tētahi hōhonutanga o te whakapakeketanga martensitic i muri i te tineitanga mai i te pāmahana austenitizing. I ngā kupu māmā ake, ko te kaha o te maitai ki te hanga martensite i te wā e tinei ana.
Te Ine i te Pakaritanga
Ko te rahi o te whakapakeketanga e tohuhia ana e te hohonutanga o te paparanga whakapakeke i whiwhihia i raro i ngā tikanga kua tohua i muri i te tinei.
Te Hōhonutanga o te Paparanga Whakamārō: Koinei te hōhonutanga mai i te mata o te mea mahi ki te rohe kei reira te hanganga he haurua martensite.
Ngā Pāpāho Whakamate Noa:
•Wai
Ngā Āhuatanga: He ohanga, he kaha te kaha ki te whakamatao, engari he tere whakamatao teitei tata ki te pāmahana koropupū, ka hua ake ai te whakamatao nui rawa.
Whakamahinga: He mea whakamahi noa mō ngā maitai waro.
Wai Tote: He wairewa o te tote, te kawakore rānei i roto i te wai, he nui ake tōna kaha whakamatao i ngā pāmahana teitei ki te whakaritea ki te wai, ā, he pai mō ngā maitai waro.
•Hinu
Ngā Āhuatanga: He puhoi ake te tere whakamatao i ngā pāmahana iti (tata ki te pūwāhi koropupū), e whakaiti ana i te āhua o te hurihanga me te ngatata, engari he iti ake te kaha whakamatao i ngā pāmahana tiketike.
Whakamahinga: He pai mō ngā maitai koranu.
Ngā Momo: Kei roto ko te hinu tinei, te hinu mīhini, me te wahie tīhiera.
Wā Whakamahana
Ko te wā whakamahana kei roto i ngā mea e rua: te tere whakamahana (te wā e pau ana hei whakatutuki i te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana) me te wā pupuri (te wā e puritia ana i te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana).
Ngā Mātāpono mō te Whakatau i te Wā Whakamahana: Me whakarite kia ōrite te tohatoha pāmahana puta noa i te mea mahi, i roto, i waho hoki.
Me whakarite kia tino oti te whakaaustenitization, kia ōrite hoki, kia maeneene hoki te austenite i hangaia.
Te Pūtake mō te Whakatau i te Wā Whakawera: I te nuinga o te wā ka whakatauhia mā te whakamahi i ngā tātai empirika, ka whakatauhia rānei mā te whakamātautau.
Pāpāho Whakamate
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua e Rua:
a. Tere Whakamatao: Ka whakatairangahia te hanganga o te martensite e te tere whakamatao teitei ake.
b. Taumahatanga Toenga: Ka piki ake te taumahatanga toenga ina nui ake te tere whakamatao, ā, ka nui ake te āhua o te whakarerekētanga me te ngatata o te mea mahi.
Ⅶ. Te Whakaōrite
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakaōrite
Ko te Whakapūmau he tukanga whakamahana e whakamahanahia ai te maitai ki te pāmahana 30°C ki te 50°C i runga ake i te pāmahana Ac3, ka puritia ki taua pāmahana, kātahi ka whakamataohia ki te hau kia whiwhi ai i te hanganga moroiti e tata ana ki te āhua taurite. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakamahana, he tere ake te tere whakamatao o te Whakapūmau, ka hua ake he hanganga pearlite pai ake (P) me te kaha me te pakeke teitei ake.
2. Te Kaupapa o te Whakaōrite
He rite te kaupapa o te whakataurite ki te kaupapa o te whakamahana.
3. Ngā Whakamahinga o te Whakaōrite
•Whakakorea te sima tuarua kua honoa.
•Hei whakamahana whakamutunga mō ngā wāhanga he iti ake ngā whakaritenga.
•Hei whakamahana whakarite mō te maitai hanganga waro iti me te waro waenga hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te mahi miihini.
4. Ngā momo whakamahana
Momo Whakamahana Tuatahi:
Kaupapa me te Mahi: Ehara te whāinga i te whakaoho i te whakawhiti āhua engari ko te whakawhiti i te maitai mai i te āhua kore taurite ki te āhua taurite.
Ngā momo:
•Te Whakamahana Horopaki: Ko te whāinga he whakakotahi i te hanganga mā te whakakore i te wehewehe.
•Te Whakamahana Anō i te Whakakirikiri: Ka whakahoki mai i te ngāwari mā te whakakore i ngā pānga o te whakapakeketanga mahi.
•Whakamamae i te ahotea: Ka whakaiti i ngā ahotea o roto me te kore e whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti.
Momo Tuarua o te Whakamahana:
Te Kaupapa me te Mahi: Ko te whāinga he whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti me ngā āhuatanga, kia tutuki ai he hanganga moroiti e kapi ana i te pearlite. Mā tēnei momo hoki ka tutuki i te tohatoha me te āhua o te pearlite, te ferrite, me ngā carbides ngā whakaritenga motuhake.
Ngā momo:
•Te Whakamahana Katoa: Ka whakamahana i te maitai ki runga ake i te pāmahana Ac3, kātahi ka āta whakamatao kia puta he hanganga pearlite ōrite.
•Te Whakamahana Kāore i Oti: Ka whakamahana i te maitai i waenga i ngā pāmahana Ac1 me Ac3 hei whakarerekē i tētahi wāhanga o te hanganga.
•Te Whakamahanatanga Isothermal: Ka whakamahana i te maitai ki runga ake i te Ac3, ā, muri iho ka whakamatao tere ki te pāmahana isothermal me te pupuri kia tutuki ai te hanganga e hiahiatia ana.
•Te Whakamahana i te Whakapūpū: Ka whakaputa i te hanganga kāpira porohita, ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te miihini me te pakari.
Ⅷ.1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Maimoatanga Wera
Ko te maimoatanga wera e pā ana ki te tukanga e whakamahanatia ai te konganuku, e puritia ai ki tētahi pāmahana motuhake, kātahi ka whakamatao i a ia e noho totoka ana hei whakarerekē i tōna hanganga o roto me tōna hanganga moroiti, kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana.
2. Ngā Āhuatanga o te Maimoatanga Wera
Kāore te maimoatanga wera e whakarerekē i te āhua o te mea mahi; engari, ka whakarerekē i te hanganga o roto me te hanganga moroiti o te maitai, ka huri ai hoki ngā āhuatanga o te maitai.
3. Te Kaupapa o te Maimoatanga Wera
Ko te whāinga o te maimoatanga wera he whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini, tukatuka rānei o te maitai (ngā wahi mahi rānei), te whakamahi katoa i te pūmanawa o te maitai, te whakarei ake i te kounga o te wahi mahi, me te whakaroa i tōna roanga mahi.
4. Whakatau Matua
Ko te āheinga o te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o tētahi rauemi mā te maimoatanga wera e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rerekētanga o tōna hanganga moroiti me tōna hanganga i te wā o te tukanga whakamahana me te whakamatao.
Wā tuku: 19 o Ākuhata-2024