Malamulo amayendedwe osiyanasiyana:
EXW - Ex Works (Otchedwa Malo Otumizira):
EXW imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamitengo yoyambira pomwe palibe ndalama zowonjezera zomwe zikuphatikizidwa. Pansi pa EXW, wogulitsa amapangitsa kuti katunduyo apezeke pamalo awo kapena malo ena osankhidwa (fakitale, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, etc.). Wogulitsa alibe udindo wokweza katunduyo pagalimoto iliyonse yotolera kapena kusunga chilolezo chotumiza katundu kunja.
FCA - Wonyamula Waulere (Wotchedwa Malo Otumizira):
FCA ikhoza kukhala ndi matanthauzo awiri osiyana, iliyonse ili ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana yachiwopsezo komanso mtengo wamagulu onse awiri:
• FCA (a):Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene wogulitsa akupereka katundu pamalo osankhidwa (malo ogulitsa) akamaliza chilolezo cha katundu wa kunja.
• FCA (b):Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene wogulitsa akupereka katundu pamalo osankhidwa (osati malo ogulitsa) pambuyo pomaliza chilolezo cha katundu wa kunja.
Pazochitika zonsezi, katunduyo akhoza kuperekedwa kwa chonyamulira chosankhidwa ndi wogula kapena gulu lina losankhidwa ndi wogula.
CPT - Galimoto Yolipidwa Kwa (Yotchulidwa Malo Opita):
Pansi pa CPT, wogulitsa amalipira mtengo wonyamula katundu kupita kumalo omwe mwagwirizana.
CIP - Galimoto ndi Inshuwaransi Zomwe Zaperekedwa Kwa (Otchedwa Malo Opitako):
Zofanana ndi CPT, koma kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti wogulitsa ayenera kugula inshuwaransi yocheperako pa katunduyo paulendo.
DAP - Yaperekedwa Pamalo (Otchedwa Malo Opitako):
Katunduyu amaganiziridwa kuti aperekedwa akafika kumalo omwe adagwirizana, okonzeka kutsitsa, potengera wogula. Pansi pa DAP, wogulitsa ali ndi zoopsa zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa pobweretsa katundu kumalo otchulidwa.
DPU - Imaperekedwa Pamalo Otsitsidwa (Otchedwa Malo Ofikira):
Pansi pa nthawiyi, wogulitsa ayenera kubweretsa ndi kutsitsa katundu pamalo omwe asankhidwa. Wogulitsa ali ndi udindo pamitengo yonse yamayendedwe, kuphatikiza ndalama zotumizira kunja, zonyamula, kutsitsa padoko ndi wonyamulira wamkulu, ndi zolipiritsa kulikonse komwe mukupita. Wogulitsa amatengeranso zoopsa zonse mpaka katunduyo atafika komwe akupita.
DDP - Yalipidwa Ntchito Yoperekedwa (Yotchedwa Malo Opitako):
Wogulitsa ali ndi udindo wopereka katundu kumalo otchulidwa m'dziko kapena dera la wogula, kulipira ndalama zonse, kuphatikizapo msonkho ndi msonkho. Komabe, wogulitsa alibe udindo wotsitsa katunduyo.
Malamulo a Sea ndi Inland Waterway Transport:
FAS - Sitima Yoyenda Yaulere (Yotchedwa Port of Shipment)
Wogulitsa amakwaniritsa udindo wake wotumiza katunduyo akangoyikidwa pambali pa chombo chosankhidwa ndi wogula pamalo omwe mwagwirizana kuti atumize (mwachitsanzo, doko kapena boti). Kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kapena kuwonongeka kumasamutsidwa kwa wogula panthawiyi, ndipo wogula amatenga ndalama zonse kuyambira pamenepo.
FOB - Yaulere Pabwalo (Yotchedwa Port of Shipment)
Wogulitsa amabweretsa katunduyo powakweza m'chombo chosankhidwa ndi wogula pa doko lomwe latumizidwa kapena kusungitsa katundu yemwe watumizidwa kale motere. Kuopsa kwa kutayika kapena kuwonongeka kumasamutsidwa kwa wogula katunduyo atakwera, ndipo wogula amatenga ndalama zonse kuyambira nthawi imeneyo.
CFR - Mtengo ndi Katundu (Wotchedwa Port of Destination)
Wogulitsa amapereka katunduyo akakhala m'chombo. Kuopsa kwa kutayika kapena kuwonongeka kumasamutsidwa panthawiyo. Komabe, wogulitsa akuyenera kukonza zoyendera kupita kudoko lomwe mwagwirizana ndikulipira ndalama zofunikira komanso katundu.
CIF - Mtengo, Inshuwaransi, ndi Katundu (Wotchedwa Port of Destination)
Mofanana ndi CFR, koma kuwonjezera pa kukonza mayendedwe, wogulitsa ayeneranso kugula inshuwaransi yocheperako kwa wogula motsutsana ndi chiopsezo cha kutayika kapena kuwonongeka panthawi yaulendo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-26-2025