He aha nā ʻano nui a me nā kumu o nā hemahema maʻamau i nā forgings?

1. Nā māka unahi o ka ʻili
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Ka hana pono ʻole ʻana o ka makenā hana hoʻoheheʻee hana i nā ʻili ʻinoʻino a me nā māka unahi iʻa. Hiki ke hana maʻalahi ʻia kēlā mau māka unahi iʻa ʻinoʻino i ka wā e hana ana i ke kila kila austenitic a me martensitic.
Kumu: ʻO ka membrane mucous kūloko i hana ʻia e ka lubrication ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ke koho lubrication kūpono ʻole a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻaila lubricating.
2. Nā hemahema hewa
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka forging make ua kuhi hewa ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻili māhele.
Kumu: ʻAʻohe laka kūpono ʻole ma ka make forging, a i ʻole ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo pono ʻia ka forging make, a i ʻole ua nui loa ka hakahaka ma waena o ke poʻo hāmare a me ke ala alakaʻi.
3. ʻAʻole lawa nā hemahema make forging
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Hoʻonui ka nui o ka forging make i ke kuhikuhi kū pololei i ka ʻili māhele. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke kaha kiʻi, ʻaʻole lawa ka forging make.
Kumu: ʻO ka nui, ka mahana haʻahaʻa o ka forging, ka nui o ke komo ʻana o ka lua make, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e alakaʻi ai i ka lawa ʻole o ke kaomi a i ʻole ke kūʻē nui ʻana o ke alahaka flash, ka lawa ʻole o nā tona lako, a me ka nui o ka billet.
4. ʻAʻole lawa ka hoʻopiha kūloko
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Loaʻa pinepine ia ma nā iwi ʻaoʻao, nā kihi make convex, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā forgings make, a ʻaʻole i lawa ka piha ʻana o ka piko o ka ʻāpana hoʻopihapiha a i ʻole nā ​​​​kihi o nā forgings, e hoʻomālamalama ʻole ai i ka outline o nā forgings.
Kumu: ʻAʻole kūpono ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka lua make preforming a me ka lua make blanking, he liʻiliʻi ke kaumaha o nā lako, ʻaʻole lawa ka wela o ka blank, a he maikaʻi ʻole ke kahe o ka metala, hiki ke hana i kēia hemahema.
5. Koena hoʻoheheʻe ʻana
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Inā he koena o ke ʻano hoʻolei ʻana, ʻaʻole i kūpono pinepine ka ikaika o ka elongation a me ka luhi o nā forgings. No ka mea, ma ka ʻāpana hoʻāʻo hoʻonui haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole maopopo nā kahawai o ka ʻāpana i ālai ʻia o ke koena hoʻolei ʻana, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā huahana dendritic, kahi i ʻike nui ʻia i nā forgings me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ingots kila e like me nā blanks.
Kumu: Ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka lakio forging a i ʻole ke ʻano forging kūpono ʻole. Hoʻemi kēia hemahema i ka hana o nā forgings, ʻoiai ka paʻakikī o ka hopena a me nā waiwai luhi.
6. Ka like ʻole o ka palaoa
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: ʻO nā ʻano palaoa ma kekahi mau ʻāpana o kanā hana hoʻoheheʻehe ʻano ʻāwiliwili loa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i nā hua like ʻole. ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā kila kūpaʻa wela he mea maʻalahi loa ia i ka inhomogeneity o ka hua.
Kumu: ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana hana hope loa e hoʻopaʻakikī ai i ka hana kūloko o ka billet alloy wela kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana quenching a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ulu nui kekahi mau hua a i ʻole kiʻekiʻe loa ka mahana hana mua, a ʻaʻole lawa ka deformation, e hoʻoulu ai i ke kekelē deformation o ka wahi kūloko e hāʻule i ka deformation koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka like ʻole o nā hua hiki ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i ka emi ʻana o ka hana luhi a me ke kūpaʻa.
7. Nā kīnā pelu
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Kūlou nā kahawai ma nā pelu o ka hāpana hoʻonui haʻahaʻa, a ua like ke ʻano o nā pelu me nā māwae. Inā he māwae ia, e ʻoki ʻia nā kahawai i ʻelua manawa. Ma ka hāpana hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole e like me ka lalo o ka māwae, ua hoʻopau nui ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a he ʻōniʻoniʻo ka lalo pelu.
Kumu: ʻO ke kumu nui o ia mea ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka hānai ʻana, ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka radius fillet anvil i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana huki ʻana o nā forgings rod a me nā forgings crankshaft. ʻO nā hemahema pelu e hoʻopili ai i ka metala ʻili oxidized i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana forging.
8. Hoʻolaha hoʻolaha hoʻolaha pono ʻole
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka haunaele e like me ka streamline reflux, eddy current, disconnection, a me ka convection ke hana ʻia ke haʻahaʻa ka mana o ka forging.
Kumu: Hoʻolālā make kūpono ʻole, koho pono ʻole o ke ʻano hana forging, ʻano kūpono ʻole a me ka nui o ka billet.
9. ʻAno i hoʻopaʻa ʻia
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui: He ʻano hana kahi i hoʻolaha ʻia ai nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​pae ferrite i loko o nā forgings i nā kāʻei. Loaʻa nui ia i ke kila kila austenitic-ferritic, ke kila semi-martensitic a me ke kila eutectoid.
Kumu: Hana ʻia kēia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka forging ke noho pū nā ʻāpana ʻelua. Hoʻemi ia i ka transverse plasticity index o ka mea a hiki ke nahā ma ka ʻāpana ferrite a i ʻole ka palena ma waena o nā pae ʻelua.